Psychology (037) · Class XII · Chapter-wise Board Questions

Neha always scores well in school assessments and is appreciated for her sharp, critical ability, reasoning and analytical thinking. Which form of intelligence is she most likely demonstrating ?

1. Naturalistic Intelligence
2. Contextual Intelligence
3. Componential Intelligence
4. Experiential Intelligence

A teacher notices that one of her usually calm and respectful students behaves aggressively during a group activity. She considers whether this behaviour might be due to peer pressure and classroom dynamics rather than the student’s personality. Which approach is the teacher following ?

1. Functionalism
2. Altruism
3. Structuralism
4. Situationism

__________ uses systematic testing procedures to evaluate the abilities, behaviours and personal qualities of individuals.

1. Psychological assessment
2. Biological assessment
3. Cognitive assessment
4. Physiological assessment

Madhu is a student who excels in remembering facts and figures but struggles when it comes to solving complex problems that require critical thinking and creativity. According to Arthur Jensen, which level of abilities does Madhu possess ?

1. Level II, associative learning
2. Level I, cognitive competence
3. Level I, associative learning
4. Level II, observational learning

Match the following :

1. 1-I, 2-II, 3-III, 4-IV
2. 1-III, 2-II, 3-I, 4-IV
3. 1-IV, 2-I, 3-III, 4-II
4. 1-II, 2-IV, 3-I, 4-III

Which of the following best describes the nature of creativity tests where there are no specified answers to questions or problems, allowing for freedom to use one’s imagination and express it in original ways ?

1. Divergent
2. Convergent
3. Analytical
4. Structured

In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.

Assertion (A) : Psychological tests are widely used for clinical diagnosis, guidance, personnel selection, placement and training.

Reason (R) : Objective tests provide a standardized and reliable measure of an individual’s psychological attributes.

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
3. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
4. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Neena read an in-depth account of a scientist. It contained all his psychological history. This in-depth account must have been presented in his ____________.

1. Interview
2. Observation
3. Case Study
4. Data

Which one of the following theories represents the information processing approach to understand intelligence ?

1. Structure-of-Intellect Model
2. Theory of Primary Mental Abilities
3. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
4. Two-Factor Theory

Sangeeta is a counsellor. She interacts with the client and seeks information from the client on one-to-one basis. She is using __________ as a method of assessment.

1. Self-report
2. Observation
3. Psychological test
4. Interview

In this question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.

Assertion (A): The theory of primary mental abilities states that intelligence consists of primary abilities, each of which is relatively independent of the others.

Reason (R): This theory explains that intelligence consists of abilities operating at two levels, called Level I and Level II.

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
3. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
4. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Raghav was told by the teacher about a test which she plans to hold. This forces him to focus on reading, learning and revising the contents of the chapters. This is because of ___________.

1. Arousal/Attention
2. Coding
3. Simultaneous processing
4. Successive processing

Nirja has a mental age of 14 years with an Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of 110. What is her chronological age ?

1. 9·7 years approximately
2. 10·7 years approximately
3. 11·7 years approximately
4. 12·7 years approximately

Vijay’s parents are confused as to what subjects should he choose in Grade 11. To know where his strengths lie, the School Counsellor suggested that he take an aptitude test. What form of aptitude test do you think would be given to him ?

1. Specialised
2. Independent
3. Generalised
4. Vocational

In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Select the correct choice from (a), (b), (c), (d).

Assertion (A) : Children from disadvantaged homes, when adopted into families with higher socio-economic status, exhibit a large increase in their intelligence scores.

Reason (R) : Environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, good family background and quality of schooling increases intelligence.

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
3. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
4. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Ayush is a young engineering graduate, who has effective communication skills and is good at problem solving. He is respected in his society because he shows commitment towards elders, the young and the needy and values others perspectives. According to integral intelligence, what are the competencies that are visible in him ?

1. Cognitive and social
2. Social and emotional
3. Emotional and entrepreneurial
4. Entrepreneurial and cognitive

A 14-year-old girl was sent for psychometric testing, where her I.Q. was found to be 140. What will her Mental Age (MA) be like ?

1. Mental age will be greater than chronological age.
2. Mental age will be less than chronological age.
3. Mental age will be equal to chronological age.
4. Mental age will have no relationship with chronological age.

In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.

Assertion (A) : Psychometric approach expresses the individual’s performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities.

Reason (R) : It describes the process people use in intellectual reasoning and problem solving.

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
3. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
4. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Identify the assessment method that is an objective and standardised measure of an individual’s mental and/or behavioural characteristics.

1. Interview
2. Observation
3. Case Study
4. Psychological test

People who are “street-smart" have high ____________ intelligence.

1. Componential intelligence
2. Experiential intelligence
3. Contextual intelligence
4. Technological intelligence

Simi lags behind her peers in language and motor skills. At school the teachers are working on training her in self-care skills and simple social and communication skills. Under which category of intellectual disability is Simi likely to be in?

1. Mild
2. Moderate
3. Severe
4. Profound

Read the following passage and answer questions number 30 and 31.

Rahul was never a topper of his class. But today he is a team leader at a marketing firm. He keeps his calm when his team struggles with a tight deadline. He recognises his frustration, takes a moment to breathe, and asks team members how they are feeling. He actively listens to their concerns. Rahul communicates clearly, delegates tasks and offers support. He manages his emotions and stays calm under pressure. He also inspires his team, focuses on shared goals, and creates a supportive environment. As a result, the team feels heard and valued. Collaboration improves, and they meet the deadline with quality work. Rahul fosters trust thus reducing stress leading to positive outcomes in high-pressure situations.

Identify the kind of intelligence being exhibited by Rahul.

Sonia has to be assessed for abilities such as logical reasoning and clear thinking. The test used by the psychologist will involve the following:

1. Convergent thinking
2. Divergent thinking
3. Both convergent and divergent thinking
4. Open -ended questions

Identify two differences between Psychometric theories and Information processing theories of intelligence.

Find out the IQ of a 14-year-old child with a mental age of 16.

Differentiate between a verbal and a non-verbal test.

The two-factor theory of intelligence is the opposite of the one (uni) factor theory. Explain.

A teacher notices that Neeraj, one of her class 5 students, learns new languages very easily, loves new subjects, and is very sensitive to changes in the classroom. Comment on the intellectual abilities of Neeraj.

State the difference between verbal and non-verbal tests.

State any two characteristics of gifted children.

Explain any one limitation of the assessment method that employs systematic and objective procedures to record behavioural phenomena occurring naturally in real time.

Explain the term ‘assessment’.

‘Intelligence by itself does not ensure creativity.’ Do you agree with this statement ? Give reasons and examples in support of your answer.

Tripti is a psychologist. She administers a test that requires the subject to manipulate objects and other materials to perform a task. Name the type of intelligence test and state its importance.

When Srikanth Bolla was born, neighbours in the village suggested that his parents smother him. It was better than the pain they would have to go through their lifetime, some said. He is a “useless” baby without eyes; being born blind is a sin, others added. Twenty-three years later, Srikanth is standing tall living by his conviction that if the “world looks at me and says, ‘Srikanth, you can do nothing’, I look back at the world and say, I can do anything.”

Srikanth is the Founder and CEO of Hyderabad-based Bollant Industries, an organisation that employs uneducated and challenged employees to manufacture eco-friendly, disposable consumer packaging solutions, which is worth ₹ 50 crore. He considers himself the luckiest man alive, not because he is now a millionaire, but because his uneducated parents, who earned ₹ 20,000 a year, did not heed any of the ‘advice’ they received and raised him with love and affection. “They are the richest people I know,” says Srikanth.

We can see that Srikanth has the ability to adopt, shape and select the environment. Identify the theory of intelligence that would best support our understanding of Srikanth’s intelligence.

When Srikanth Bolla was born, neighbours in the village suggested that his parents smother him. It was better than the pain they would have to go through their lifetime, some said. He is a “useless” baby without eyes; being born blind is a sin, others added. Twenty-three years later, Srikanth is standing tall living by his conviction that if the “world looks at me and says, ‘Srikanth, you can do nothing’, I look back at the world and say, I can do anything.”

Srikanth is the Founder and CEO of Hyderabad-based Bollant Industries, an organisation that employs uneducated and challenged employees to manufacture eco-friendly, disposable consumer packaging solutions, which is worth ₹ 50 crore. He considers himself the luckiest man alive, not because he is now a millionaire, but because his uneducated parents, who earned ₹ 20,000 a year, did not heed any of the ‘advice’ they received and raised him with love and affection. “They are the richest people I know,” says Srikanth.

“Srikanth is standing tall living by his conviction that if the “world looks at me and says, ‘Srikanth, you can do nothing’, I look back at the world and say, I can do anything.” According to Gardner’s multiple theory of intelligences, which kind of intelligence explains this ? Discuss this intelligence in brief.

Priya is very smart at solving any problem that she encounters. She refers to similar problems that she has faced in the past and uses her experience to solve the present ones. Which type of intelligence is she using and what theory is this based on ?

Angel, a psychologist, is analysing the intelligence scores of the children. She notices that the children from rural areas scored significantly lower than the children from urban areas. What do you think would have influenced the result of intelligence tests ? Explain how she can overcome it.

Read the following passage and answer questions number 30 and 31.

Rahul was never a topper of his class. But today he is a team leader at a marketing firm. He keeps his calm when his team struggles with a tight deadline. He recognises his frustration, takes a moment to breathe, and asks team members how they are feeling. He actively listens to their concerns. Rahul communicates clearly, delegates tasks and offers support. He manages his emotions and stays calm under pressure. He also inspires his team, focuses on shared goals, and creates a supportive environment. As a result, the team feels heard and valued. Collaboration improves, and they meet the deadline with quality work. Rahul fosters trust thus reducing stress leading to positive outcomes in high-pressure situations.

Identify the characteristics of Rahul’s intelligence that makes him a good team leader.

Distinguish between non-verbal and performance tests of intelligence.

Rohan, a 10-year-old diagnosed with intellectual deficiency as per AAMD guidelines, is supported with a special education plan. Based on his diagnosis, identify two common features he might display in his daily functioning.

(a) Analyze the relationship between intelligence and creativity, based on Terman’s research findings.

(b) Evaluate how Gardner’s view of intelligence as an independent and interactive type challenges the traditional notions of a singular, unified intelligence.

Raghav belongs to a technologically advanced society. What are the qualities and skills he is likely to possess ?

Ridit initiated a programme in his school that aimed at improving students’ emotional intelligence. How will this programme help the students ?

Mohit understands the motives, feelings and behaviours of other people and can develop a comfortable relationship with them. He also likes to travel as he recognises the beauty of different species of flora and fauna. Identify the types of intelligence that Mohit possesses in accordance with Gardner’s theory. From the information provided about Mohit, explain any two other types of intelligence that Mohit may not be possessing.

‘J.P. Guilford’s structure-of-intellect model is a representation of a psychometric approach to understand intelligence.’ Do you agree with this statement ? State the reasons for the same and the characteristics of his theory.

Ryan and Shireen are siblings brought up in the same environment. Ryan knows all the formulae in mathematics and can recall them as they are but cannot solve problems based on those formulae, whereas Shireen can use formulae to solve any kind of problem that are based on them. Explain the intelligence they both exhibit. Which approach is this theory based on ?

Yasmin, a psychologist, finds that children from rural areas score lower than urban children on intelligence tests. Identify the factors that would have influenced these test scores. How can she overcome it?

Aliya scores high on analysis and achievement orientation, whereas Ajay scores high on social and emotional skills. Explain how their intelligence is viewed in Indian culture.

Elaborate on the concept of buddhi and specify how intelligence in the Indian tradition lays emphasis on its connectivity with social and environmental world.

Individuals who are categorised as having intellectual disability show significant variation in their abilities, ranging from those who can be taught to work and function with special attention, to those who cannot be trained and require institutional care throughout their lives. Identify their categories according to IQ range and specify their potential functionalities.

Howard Gardner proposed theory of multiple intelligences that interact and work together to find a solution to a problem. Identify and explain four such types.

Psychological attributes are not linear or unidimensional. They are complex and expressed in terms of dimensions. Elaborate any four domains of psychological attributes.

(a) Compare and contrast technological and integral approaches to intelligence. Also discuss the cultural factors that may influence these perspectives.

(b) Manoj and Sunil are two managers in a company. State four reasons how Manoj’s higher emotional intelligence contributes to his popularity with colleagues as compared to Sunil, who lacks these qualities.

Veer is undertaking a research project to study teacher-student interaction. Explain any four assessment methods that he can use for his research.

Vimal is brought up in a society which is technologically advanced. Explain the intelligence that is adopted by him. Is it likely to be tuned by the cultural factors ? Give reasons for your answer.

Describe the model which states that intellectual activity involves the three interdependent functioning of neurological systems.

The cultural environment provides a context for intelligence to develop. How does the role of culture influence our understanding of intelligence ? Explain.

What is assessment ? Explain any three methods of psychological assessment.

What is the relationship between creativity and intelligence ? Differentiate between creativity tests and intelligence tests.

If we look around in our environment, we find that success is not associated with marks at school. There are many other types of intelligences. How will Gardner’s theory of intelligences explain this ? Describe his theory of multiple intelligences.

Academic achievement is often measured through school marks, yet many individuals succeed in life without excelling academically. Explain this observation with reference to Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences.

How is the Indian concept of intelligence different from the type of intelligence valued in Western countries? Distinguish between these two types of intelligence.

Robert Sternberg is a pioneering figure in the field of Psychology. Define intelligence according to him and illustrate the three types of intelligence he identified.

Intelligence tests are of several types. They can be classified based on their administration procedure, the nature of items used and their cultural impact. Explain each type with its meaning.

Explain briefly the multiple intelligences identified by Howard Gardner with the help of examples.

Discuss the cultural differences in the conceptualisation of intelligence.

Is intelligence a product of heredity or environment? Give reasons in support of your answer.

Describe Robert Sternberg's theory of intelligence.

Rohan failed an important exam. Instead of accepting that he didn’t prepare well, he insists that the teacher was biased and the exam was unfair. Which defence mechanism is Rohan using ?

1. Repression
2. Projection
3. Rationalization
4. Denial

Meera always felt left out, low and incompetent as a child because her elder siblings were more successful. Now she works extremely hard to be the best in every task she takes up. According to Adler, this behaviour can be explained by :

1. Fixation
2. Inferiority Complex
3. Superiority Complex
4. Regression

Ananya is known in school for honesty. No matter the situation, she always speaks the truth. According to Allport, this trait can be classified as :

1. Central Trait
2. Cardinal Trait
3. Secondary Trait
4. Source Trait

Which concept is based on Bandura’s social learning theory ?

1. Self-esteem
2. Self-efficacy
3. Self-concept
4. Identity crisis

During a discussion about family, Riya suddenly snapped at her best friend who had lightly teased her about being “too quiet at home”. Riya shouted, “Just stop talking about my family!” surprising everyone, including herself. Later, when her friend tried to talk to her, Riya appeared confused and embarrassed. She kept repeating, “I do not know why I did that.”

Identify the defence mechanism reflected in Riya’s behaviour :

1. Repression
2. Denial
3. Projection
4. Fixation

A researcher is conducting a survey to assess the personality traits of participants. One of the items in the survey asks, “I always help others when they are in need.” Which of following biases is most likely to affect the response to this item ?

1. Non-response bias
2. Acquiescence
3. Random responding
4. Social desirability

Which of the following is not a major criticism of Psychodynamic theories ?

1. They are largely based on case studies and lack a rigorous scientific basis.
2. They use small and atypical individuals as samples for advancing generalisations.
3. The concepts are well defined and easily submitted to scientific testing.
4. They face criticism for using non-representative samples.

According to Sheldon’s typology, which of the following combinations correctly matches the body build with the associated temperament ?

1. Endomorphs – Thin, long, fragile, brainy, artistic, introvert
2. Mesomorphs – Strong musculature, strong body build, rectangular, energetic, courageous
3. Ectomorphs – Fat, soft, round, relaxed, sociable
4. Endomorphs – Strong musculature, rectangular, energetic, courageous

Aditya tells himself that he will use his pocket money wisely. He uses the important technique of self-control called ____________.

1. Self-reinforcement
2. Self-instruction
3. Self-esteem
4. Observation of own behaviour

Neeraj believed that he had the ability to face the interview and luck had no role to play in the outcome. This indicates that he is high on ______________.

1. Self-efficacy
2. Self-esteem
3. Self-concept
4. Self-identity

Aman, a 15-year-old teenager, leads a largely sedentary lifestyle and shows little enthusiasm for engaging in regular physical activity. Additionally, he spends an excessive amount of time on electronic devices, which has become a major concern for his parents regarding his overall health and well-being. Concerned about the potential negative effects on Aman’s physical fitness and social interactions, his parents decided to seek professional help from a therapist. The therapist devises a comprehensive behavioural intervention to address Aman’s lack of physical activity and excessive screen time.

Over the course of several months, Aman’s behaviour begins to change noticeably. Initially motivated by the reward system, he starts to engage more regularly in physical activities. As he becomes more involved, he begins to appreciate the benefits of exercise and starts to enjoy activities he previously avoided. His screen time decreases as he finds himself increasingly absorbed in his new hobbies and interests.

Aman leads a largely sedentary lifestyle. Can this behaviour be an outcome of learning ? Give reasons in support of your answer.

Surendra’s newborn son has no idea of his own self. This refers to which of the following ?

1. He is unaware of various objects in his environment, such as a chair or a table in his room.
2. He is able to cry when he is hungry.
3. Sometimes he smiles when he sleeps.
4. People around him are part of his experiences. However, he cannot gather any meaning from it.

1. (i) and (ii)
2. (i) and (iv)
3. (iii) and (iv)
4. (ii) and (iii)

Mohi buys a set of new pens after doing poorly in an examination. She asserts that she will do much better with the new pens. She is using ___________ to reduce anxiety caused due to poor performance.

1. Denial
2. Reaction formation
3. Projection
4. Rationalisation

In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.

Assertion (A) : Personality is solely determined by genetic factors.

Reason (R) : While genetic factors contribute to the development of personality traits, the ecological and cultural environment also plays a crucial role.

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
3. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
4. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

There are some people who are hostile, egocentric and antisocial. They are said to be high on _________ .

1. Sociability
2. Psychoticism
3. Neuroticism
4. Introversion

The self that values family and social relationships is referred to as _________ .

1. Personal
2. Social
3. Familial
4. Relational

1. (i) and (iii)
2. (ii) and (iii)
3. (iii) and (iv)
4. (i) and (iv)

Some traits often get associated strongly with the name of the person and derive such identities as the ‘Gandhian’ or ‘Hitlerian’ trait. Identify the trait.

1. Central
2. Secondary
3. Surface
4. Cardinal

While responding on a self-report inventory, there is a tendency in many individuals to respond by ticking “yes” to the items. Identify this tendency.

1. Social desirability
2. Halo effect
3. Acquiescence
4. Extreme response bias

Chetan lacks motivation in life and is prone to depression. He does not like to converse with others and likes to stay alone. According to Friedman and Rosenman, which type of personality does Chetan have ?

1. Type-A
2. Type-B
3. Type-C
4. Type-D

Identify the statements that are true to the familial self.

1. It is also referred to as social or relational self.
2. It is the self that emerges in relation with others in the social world.
3. It brings out aspects like cooperation, affiliation and sacrifice, etc.
4. This self values family and social relationships.

1. (i), (iii) and (iv)
2. (i) and (iv)
3. (i) and (ii)
4. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)

As individuals we always make some judgment about our own worth. This is called ___

1. self-efficacy
2. self-concept
3. self-esteem
4. self-regulation

Which of the following is not true about source traits?

1. These traits are the building blocks of personality
2. These result from the interaction of surface traits
3. These traits are of opposing tendencies
4. These traits are stable

Neeta is conducting interviews for candidates applying for a senior management role. She uses the same set of questions with each candidate. Why is this type of interview beneficial?

1. It allows candidates to showcase their unique personalities.
2. It helps create a positive impression of the interviewer.
3. It ensures all candidates are assessed using the structured interview.
4. It gives candidates the freedom to discuss any topic they want because it is structured.

Why does a strong sense of social competence enhance a person's self-esteem?

1. By making them superior to others in every area.
2. By fostering social connection and positive reinforcement.
3. By ensuring that they excel in academic competence as well.
4. By encouraging them to focus solely on physical appearance.

The notion of self-efficacy is based on Albert Bandura’s social learning theory. How is self-efficacy important for human beings ?

Alfred Adler’s theory of lifestyle and social interest has given us great insights into human personality. Discuss.

Result of a psychological test on a particular dimension indicates that a person tends to be hostile, egocentric and antisocial. Identify and explain the test that has been used here.

Aman, a 15-year-old teenager, leads a largely sedentary lifestyle and shows little enthusiasm for engaging in regular physical activity. Additionally, he spends an excessive amount of time on electronic devices, which has become a major concern for his parents regarding his overall health and well-being. Concerned about the potential negative effects on Aman’s physical fitness and social interactions, his parents decided to seek professional help from a therapist. The therapist devises a comprehensive behavioural intervention to address Aman’s lack of physical activity and excessive screen time.

Over the course of several months, Aman’s behaviour begins to change noticeably. Initially motivated by the reward system, he starts to engage more regularly in physical activities. As he becomes more involved, he begins to appreciate the benefits of exercise and starts to enjoy activities he previously avoided. His screen time decreases as he finds himself increasingly absorbed in his new hobbies and interests.

What are the principles of the behavioural approach that helped in modifying Aman’s behaviour ? Explain any two.

In India, Mallick and Joshi have developed the Jodhpur Multiphasic Personality Inventory (JMPI). Which test has it been adapted from ? Explain its most important use.

Daniel often feels torn between seeking immediate pleasure and adhering to societal rules. How does the psychodynamic theory explain his conflict ? Explain.

Read the case study and answer the questions (Q. 35 – 36) that follow :

Anna first came to the attention of psychoanalyst, Joseph Breuer, in 1880 when he was called to her house in Vienna where she was lying in bed, almost entirely paralysed. Her other symptoms included hallucinations, personality changes and rambling speech, but doctors could not find any physical cause. Breuer visited her almost daily and talked to her about her thoughts and feelings, including her grief for her father. The more she talked, the more her symptoms seem to fade — this was apparently one of the first ever instances of psychoanalysis or “the talking cure”. Although Freud never met Anna, he wrote about her case, including the notion that she had a hysterical pregnancy, although this was also disputed later.

What could be the reasons for Anna’s illness as per psychoanalysts ?

What are the reasons for the development of psychological disorders according to Karen Horney?

State any two features of projective techniques.

Does classifying people into personality types overlook the complexities of human behaviour? Give reasons for your answer.

Riya is on a strict diet because she wants to stay healthy and prepare for her upcoming school sports competition. One evening, she opens the fridge and sees a big, delicious chocolate cake that her mom made for a family dinner the next day. She immediately feels the urge to eat it, but plans to eat it after the sports competition.

As per Freud’s theory, explain Riya’s behaviour in terms of id, ego and superego.

Punit is administering a self-report measure to his client for career guidance. Explain the self-report measure he is most likely to use. State any two limitations of the self-report measures.

Kyna is not attached with the worldly things as she can exercise a lot of self-control. What are the psychological techniques of self-control that may have helped her ?

Arum belongs to the Jarawa tribe of the Andaman Islands. These tribes largely depend upon hunting and gathering activities. How does the culture of hunting -gathering affect the personality development of a child like Arum?

Explain the levels of consciousness as stated in the psychodynamic approach.

Explain the Behavioural Approach to the study of personality

How is the Indian view of the self different from the Western view of the self ?

You are a psychologist assessing the personality and emotional state of a new client using projective techniques. You decide to use the Sentence Completion Test and Draw-a-Person Test. Describe how you would use these tests and explain what kind of information you might gain from each test.

A psychologist used projective techniques to assess Rupa’s personality. What are the chief features and benefits of using these tests for her, when compared to the direct methods ?

A study found that one-third of British children, at age six, are afraid of snakes even though it is rare to encounter snakes in British Isles. The children had never come in contact with snakes in a traumatic situation, but snakes still generated anxious response. How would Carl Jung’s theory of personality explain the same ? Throw some light on his theory.

Razia is unhappy with her career despite having a stable job and a good salary. According to the Humanistic theory of personality, what could be the reason for her dissatisfaction?

Harpreet, a psychologist, is interested in using self-report measures for career counselling of his client. Explain the appropriate tests that he can use.

Direct techniques of personality assessment come with their own drawbacks especially related to social desirability. In such a condition, suggest other methods of personality assessment which can tap the unconscious of the individual. Mention any four such effective techniques.

While simple and appealing, type theories truly capturing the uniqueness of every individual or oversimplifying the rich diversity of human personality are debatable. Type theories attempt to place individuals into distinct categories based on shared characteristics. Many types of theories have shaped how we view personality. Elaborate on the theories by Type Approach.

Personality is viewed differently by behavioural and humanistic schools of thought. Briefly explain both schools of thought.

What are the different ways to assess personality ? Specify the tools, tests and techniques used in each method.

(a) How does Freud explain the stability and potential changes in personality over a person’s lifetime ? Provide an overview of each stage and discuss the impact of encountering problems at any stage on personality development.

(b) How do ecological and cultural environments influence personality development ? Provide concrete examples from hunting-gathering and agricultural societies to illustrate your answer.

Explain the key propositions of any three Post-Freudian theorists.

Explain how projective techniques assess personality. Which projective tests of personality are widely used by psychologists ?

Discuss the interview and observation methods used in behavioural analysis. Describe the problems we face in using these methods.

Enumerate the structure of personality with respect to Freud’s theory of personality.

Explain the humanistic approach to understand the personality of an individual.

How does Freud explain the structure of personality ? Explain with the help of suitable examples.

A number of theories have been used to understand ‘personality’. Discuss how efforts have been made to categorise people into personality types since ancient times.

According to Freud, individuals avoid anxiety by using mechanisms that protect the ego by distorting reality. What are these mechanisms called ? Explain its different kinds with the help of examples.

A person’s behaviour in variety of situations provides us with meaningful information about his/her personality. Discuss behavioural analysis as a method of personality assessment.

Explain the characteristics of a trait. Describe the trait approaches to the understanding of personality.

Explain the direct methods of personality assessment along with their limitations. Describe any two such tests.

Describe the Psychodynamic approach to personality with special emphasis on levels of consciousness and structure of personality.

Match the following :

1. 1-I, 2-II, 3-III, 4-IV
2. 1-II, 2-III, 3-IV, 4-I
3. 1-IV, 2-III, 3-I, 4-II
4. 1-IV, 2-III, 3-II, 4-I

Use the correct option at the appropriate place.

The white blood cells ( ________ ) within the immune system identify and destroy foreign bodies ( ________ ) such as viruses.

1. Antigens/Leucocytes
2. Leucocytes/Antibodies
3. Antigens/Antibodies
4. Leucocytes/Antigens

In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a Statement of Reason (R). Read the Statements and choose the appropriate option.

Assertion (A) : Creative visualisation helps in managing stress by using imagination and mental imagery.

Reason (R) : It is more effective when the mind is quiet, the body is relaxed, and the eyes are closed, as this minimizes distractions and enhances focus.

Options :

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
3. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
4. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Ritu is a high school student preparing for her final board exams. She is an academically bright student and wants to secure a scholarship for college. However, over the past few weeks, Ritu has been feeling overwhelmed and frustrated. She is constantly comparing herself to her peers who seem to be doing better, which causes her to feel caught between her wishes and desires and hence feels inadequate. At home, her parents have high expectations and remind her frequently that she must top the class, adding to her own increasing self-demands. Ritu also finds herself in a conflict of being caught between choosing a career she is passionate about (art & design) and what her parents want (engineering), leading to an intense dilemma. Additionally, she feels unspoken demands and a social pressure from her relatives and classmates, who keep asking about her future and ranks. As a result, Ritu has become irritable, experiences frequent headaches, has trouble sleeping and feels emotionally exhausted.

Based on the symptoms described, identify the types of stress Ritu is experiencing.

_________ is considered positive and can motivate individuals to perform better, feel excited and be more productive.

1. Distress
2. Strain
3. Burnout
4. Eustress

When an individual evaluates whether they have resources and abilities to cope with a perceived stressor, this process is called :

1. Primary appraisal
2. Tertiary appraisal
3. Secondary appraisal
4. Cognitive distortion

A study finds that individuals who are regularly exposed to high stress levels have a higher incidence of infections. This observation can be explained by :

1. Enhanced production of antibodies during stress.
2. Increased white cell count due to stress.
3. Impaired immune response due to stress.
4. Reduced need for sleep due to stress.

Social stress can be broadly defined as a situation which threatens one’s relationships, esteem, or sense of belonging within a dyad group, or larger social context. Social stress, can emerge in a number of situations. Social stress can stem from difficult social interactions, for example, a conflictual or tumultuous marital or family relationship. Social stress can also emerge in the context of evaluated performance situations, where others could be judgmental or critical, or in contexts in which one feels rejected, ostracized, or ignored. Social stress can also be more broadly construed, representing perceptions of one’s lower role or standing within a group or community. Social stress can lead to a range of observable and measurable responses related to health outcomes.

What impact can social stress have on an individual ?

The state of physical, emotional and psychological exhaustion is known as ____________.

1. Burnout
2. Resistance
3. Stress
4. Apprehension

In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option.

Assertion (A) : Stress can produce changes in the immune system and increase the chances of someone becoming ill.

Reason (R) : Stress is caused only during extreme events such as fire, train or road accident, robbery, earthquake, tsunami, etc.

Options :

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
3. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
4. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Naresh endures personal stresses due to noisy surroundings, commuting, water shortage and traffic snarls. These stresses can be reported as __________.

1. Life events
2. Everyday hassles
3. Traumatic events
4. Physical stress

Ritika’s stress level was good for her and enhanced her performance. The term used to describe her level of stress is called __________.

1. Strain
2. Distress
3. Eustress
4. Appraisal

In this question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.

Assertion (A): Students facing important examinations can be highly stressed.

Reason (R): Reduced levels of natural killer cell cytotoxicity have been found in people who are highly stressed.

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
3. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
4. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

The fire department received a call about a fire that swept through a house. The fire started with the explosion of a gas cylinder used for cooking. The injured Suman was lying on a hospital bed. She was talking to a press reporter. She expressed that her mother was in the kitchen when the incident occurred. The cylinder burst with a loud sound and the fire spread at great speed. The exit door of the house had also caught fire. Her mother shouted in panic as if she had lost all hope, and she fainted in the kitchen. However, Suman was determined to save her mother. She said “I don’t know how I got the energy to drag my mother to the room. I broke the window there and jumped out. My back got hurt, but without wasting any time, I sought the help of my neighbour and rescued my mother. I am happy that we are both safe.” Hearing her story, the press reporter was impressed with her chivalry.

Referring to the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model, what immediate impact does the fire (noxious stimulus) have on Suman’s mother ?

Meena denies the seriousness of completing her work in the office by talking to her friend on the phone. Which of the following strategy is she using ?

1. Task-oriented strategy
2. Emotion-oriented strategy
3. Avoidance-oriented strategy
4. Problem-focused strategy

Abdul avoids misplaced jealousy and sulking behaviour. He listens to what the other person is saying very patiently. This is the key to ____________ .

1. Assertiveness
2. Improving relationships
3. Self-care
4. Overcoming unhelpful habits

Which of the following statements is not true about coping with stress ?

1. Coping is a dynamic situation-specific reaction to stress.
2. It is a set of concrete responses to stressful situations or events that are intended to resolve the problem and reduce stress.
3. People who cope poorly with stress have high level of natural killer cell cytotoxicity.
4. Individuals show similarity in coping strategies that they use to deal with stressful situations.

1. (ii), (iii) and (iv)
2. (iii) only
3. (ii) and (iii)
4. (i) and (ii)

Meena’s work environment is highly stressful due to unrealistic expectations by the organisation. She had been trying to balance her job as well as her home front. Since the last few months, she was not feeling well. So, she went for a check-up and was diagnosed with high blood pressure. According to General Adaptation Syndrome, at what stage does this happen ?

1. Alarm reaction
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion
4. Adaptation

Wasim is always brushing everything under the carpet and refuses to face the stressor or even accept it. Which kind of unhelpful habit is this ?

1. Forgetfulness
2. Avoidance
3. Procrastination
4. Perfectionism

__________ is a behaviour or skill that helps to communicate clearly and confidently, our feelings, needs, wants and thoughts.

1. Positive attitude
2. Perfectionism
3. Assertiveness
4. Rational thinking

Sahira has joined a medical college and is overwhelmed by the syllabus out there. Her mother often complains about Sahira’s mood swings, erratic behaviour and decreased confidence. What is this effect of stress that Sahira is experiencing ?

1. Physiological
2. Emotional
3. Cognitive
4. Behavioural

Kobasa’s concept of hardiness includes all of the following except:

1. Commitment
2. Control
3. Challenge
4. Character

Santosh has been feeling stressed for a long time due to the competition in the office to acquire the position of senior manager. His therapist started a procedure to manage his stress by monitoring his physiological functions. Identify the technique being used here.

1. Meditation
2. Creative visualization
3. Biofeedback
4. Cognitive Behaviour Technique

Neha is a project manager in a technology firm. Over the past year, her team has been tasked with launching multiple complex projects under tight deadlines. Initially, Neha thrived under the pressure, feeling energised and productive. She put in long hours, maintained high focus, and motivated her team to meet their targets. However, as the months went by, the demands continued to mount without any significant breaks or support. Neha began to experience fatigue, insomnia, irritability, and frequent headaches. Recently, she noticed that she was falling ill more often and had difficulty concentrating. Despite these warning signs, Neha pushed herself to keep up with the workload. Her colleagues have started to notice her declining performance and mood changes. If her current pace continues, it could lead to severe health consequences.

Using the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model, list the stages Neha has experienced so far.

Ritu is a high school student preparing for her final board exams. She is an academically bright student and wants to secure a scholarship for college. However, over the past few weeks, Ritu has been feeling overwhelmed and frustrated. She is constantly comparing herself to her peers who seem to be doing better, which causes her to feel caught between her wishes and desires and hence feels inadequate. At home, her parents have high expectations and remind her frequently that she must top the class, adding to her own increasing self-demands. Ritu also finds herself in a conflict of being caught between choosing a career she is passionate about (art & design) and what her parents want (engineering), leading to an intense dilemma. Additionally, she feels unspoken demands and a social pressure from her relatives and classmates, who keep asking about her future and ranks. As a result, Ritu has become irritable, experiences frequent headaches, has trouble sleeping and feels emotionally exhausted.

Mention one emotional and one psychological effects of stress, she may be going through.

How can assertiveness impact an individual’s response to stress ?

Social stress can be broadly defined as a situation which threatens one’s relationships, esteem, or sense of belonging within a dyad group, or larger social context. Social stress, can emerge in a number of situations. Social stress can stem from difficult social interactions, for example, a conflictual or tumultuous marital or family relationship. Social stress can also emerge in the context of evaluated performance situations, where others could be judgmental or critical, or in contexts in which one feels rejected, ostracized, or ignored. Social stress can also be more broadly construed, representing perceptions of one’s lower role or standing within a group or community. Social stress can lead to a range of observable and measurable responses related to health outcomes.

State two causes of social stress in day-to-day life.

The fire department received a call about a fire that swept through a house. The fire started with the explosion of a gas cylinder used for cooking. The injured Suman was lying on a hospital bed. She was talking to a press reporter. She expressed that her mother was in the kitchen when the incident occurred. The cylinder burst with a loud sound and the fire spread at great speed. The exit door of the house had also caught fire. Her mother shouted in panic as if she had lost all hope, and she fainted in the kitchen. However, Suman was determined to save her mother. She said “I don’t know how I got the energy to drag my mother to the room. I broke the window there and jumped out. My back got hurt, but without wasting any time, I sought the help of my neighbour and rescued my mother. I am happy that we are both safe.” Hearing her story, the press reporter was impressed with her chivalry.

Suman and her mother were exposed to prolonged stress as the fire spread. How does the General Adaptation Syndrome model explain Suman and her mother’s condition ?

Ranjan has faced a lot of mishaps in his life. However, he shows low levels of illness despite high levels of stress. What makes people like Ranjan resistant to stress ?

Neerav’s parents have recently shifted to Bengaluru and have been busy settling him in the new city. Neerav misses his friends back in Nagpur and this has impacted his academic performance. What is the source of this stress ? State the other sources of stress as well.

Differentiate between life events and hassles.

Neha is a project manager in a technology firm. Over the past year, her team has been tasked with launching multiple complex projects under tight deadlines. Initially, Neha thrived under the pressure, feeling energised and productive. She put in long hours, maintained high focus, and motivated her team to meet their targets. However, as the months went by, the demands continued to mount without any significant breaks or support. Neha began to experience fatigue, insomnia, irritability, and frequent headaches. Recently, she noticed that she was falling ill more often and had difficulty concentrating. Despite these warning signs, Neha pushed herself to keep up with the workload. Her colleagues have started to notice her declining performance and mood changes. If her current pace continues, it could lead to severe health consequences.

Predict the potential stage that Neha might reach if she continues without any break. Identify the likely outcome.

Individuals show consistent individual differences in the coping strategies they use to handle stressful situations. These can include both overt and covert activities. Identify the three coping strategies given by Endler and Parker.

Ruchika is very stressed as she must prepare for her music competition and for medical examinations. Suggest Ruchika four techniques to manage her stress.

We all live in a world where a wide range of events and conditions can generate stress. Identify the most prominent sources of stress.

You are working with a client who handles high stress well and remains healthy. How would you evaluate and support their ability to manage stress effectively ?

‘Psychological Stress is not only a symptom of stress, but it causes further stress.’ Justify the statement by explaining any three sources of psychological stress.

Describe any three life skills that can help a person meet life’s challenges.

Explain any three major effects of stress on psychological functioning.

Explain any three life skills that will help to meet the challenges of life.

How does an individual with a stress resistant personality cope with demands of everyday life ? Give examples to support your viewpoint.

Explain the concept of stress and describe its two major sources.

Identify the connection between stress and immune system, specifying the roles of T-cells, B-cells, natural killer cells and psychoneuroimmunology.

A pregnant woman, is experiencing significant stress due to family pressures. She had to leave her job due to health concerns. Despite these challenges, she has a close friend who provides social support. Consequently, the pregnant woman reports feeling more reassured. Explain the role of social support in reducing stress for her. What specific types of support may her friend be providing ?

Mukesh encounters a snake while on a hike. Referring to the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), what is the pattern of his bodily response ? State one criticism of Selye’s theory.

To deal effectively with environment, the individuals must possess the right life skills. Explain any four of these life skills.

Many ailments like hypertension, ulcers, etc. could be stress related. To prevent this from happening, we need to be aware about stress management techniques. Explain any four of these techniques.

Explain the relationship between stress and illness. How does stress affect the immune system ? Explain.

Describe any four factors that facilitate positive health and act as stress buffers too.

‘The way we cope with stress often depends on rigid deep seated beliefs and also based on our experiences’. Analyse this statement by explaining any two coping strategies with suitable examples.

Explain the internal sources of psychological stress.

_________ is characterised by widespread impairments in social interactions and communication skills, and stereotyped patterns of behaviours, interests and activities.

1. Dyslexia
2. Autism Spectrum Disorder
3. Specific Learning Disorder
4. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Shreya’s parents brought her to the school counsellor after noticing :

• Noticeable weight loss over the past eight months.
• Skipping meals and avoiding dinners.
• Constant complaints of feeling “too fat” despite appearing underweight.
• Loss of energy, irritability and frequent mood swings.

Shreya herself insisted that “everything is fine,” expressing frustration about being forced to discuss her eating habits.

What is Shreya suffering from ?

Match the Disorders in List I with their associated Neurotransmitter imbalances in List II :

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

1. a-i, b-ii, c-iii
2. a-iii, b-ii, c-i
3. a-ii, b-i, c-iii
4. a-iii, b-i, c-ii

The “4 Ds” used to define abnormal behaviour or psychological disorders do not include :

1. Deviance
2. Distress
3. Danger
4. Diagnosis

Anil, a 25-year-old college student, was brought to the psychiatric outpatient department by his parents. Over the past year, they observed that Anil had become increasingly withdrawn and had stopped meeting his friends. He often stayed alone in his room, speaking to himself and laughing without any apparent reason.

Anil complained that he could hear voices discussing his actions and sometimes giving him commands, even when nobody was around. He also showed little interest in daily activities and displayed a lack of emotional expression, rarely smiling or showing enthusiasm. His speech became brief and lacked detail, often limited to short, one-word answers.

Identify the type of hallucination Anil is experiencing.

Ravi constantly believes he is a failure because he once performed poorly on a test. Which cognitive problem is he exhibiting according to the Cognitive Model ?

1. Accurate self-assessment
2. Overgeneralisation
3. Rational thinking
4. Logical reasoning

Which of the following statements best describes how societal norms influence the perception of abnormal behaviour ?

1. Societal norms are universally consistent and do not change over time.
2. Behaviours, thoughts and emotions that align with societal norms are always considered abnormal.
3. Societal norms are derived from society’s culture, including its history, values and institutions and these norms can change over time.
4. Aggressive behaviour is universally accepted as normal behaviour across all cultures.

At any one time, a diverse set of individual, family, community and structural factors may combine to protect or undermine mental health. Although most people are resilient, people who are exposed to adverse circumstances – including poverty, violence, disability and inequality – are at higher risk of developing a mental health condition. Protective and risk factors include individual, psychological and biological factors, such as emotional skills as well as genetics. Many of the risks and protective factors are influenced through changes in brain structure and/or function. People with mental disorders also require social support, including support in developing and maintaining personal, family and social relationships. People with mental disorders may also need support for educational programmes, employment, housing and participation in other meaningful activities.

According to the above paragraph, what type of people are more likely to have a psychological disorder ?

A girl student was dominating and bullying her peers in school without any provocation. Which of the following types of aggression is she exhibiting ?

1. Verbal aggression
2. Physical aggression
3. Hostile aggression
4. Proactive aggression

An individual drinks large amounts of alcohol on a daily basis. Consequently, he experiences ____________ when he tries to stop drinking alcohol.

1. Addiction
2. Tolerance
3. Withdrawal responses
4. Pleasure

In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option.

Assertion (A) : Classifications are useful because they enable users like psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers to communicate with each other about the disorders.

Reason (R) : A classification of such disorders consists of a list of categories of specific psychological disorders grouped into various classes based on some shared characteristics.

Options :

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
3. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
4. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

An ancient theory holds that abnormal behaviour can be explained by the __________.

1. Inadequacies in thinking, feeling or perceiving the world
2. Operation of supernatural and magical forces
3. Disturbed interpersonal relationships
4. Belief that individuals behave strangely because their bodies and brains are not working properly

Ranjeet is unable to stop thinking about locking his house. At work, he is preoccupied with this unreasonable and repetitive thought. This is predominantly a symptom of __________.

1. Anxiety disorder
2. Panic disorder
3. Obsessive behaviour
4. Compulsive behaviour

Mitali dominates and bullies others without any provocation. Thus, she exhibits which of the following type of aggression ?

1. Verbal aggression
2. Physical aggression
3. Hostile aggression
4. Proactive aggression

The American Psychiatric Association publishes an official manual called ____________. This manual describes and classifies psychological disorders.

1. Diagnostic Statistical Manuscript-V
2. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-V
3. International Classification of Diseases-11
4. International Classification of Disorders-11

Namita had flashbacks, impaired concentration, and emotional numbing after she witnessed the damage caused by the earthquake. She is most likely to be experiencing ____________ .

1. Post-traumatic stress disorder
2. Anxiety disorder
3. Somatic symptom disorder
4. Dissociative amnesia

In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.

Assertion (A) : When an electrical impulse reaches a neuron’s ending, the nerve ending is stimulated to release a chemical called a neurotransmitter.

Reason (R) : Studies indicate that abnormal activity by certain neurotransmitters can lead to adaptive behaviour.

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
3. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
4. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Case Study-1

Vaishali was admitted to a hospital in the midst of a manic episode. She had been in psychotherapy for depression for several months while she was in college. She found a job in an advertising office of a local newspaper, where she had been working for a year. Vaishali’s manic episode could be traced to experiences that began three or four months prior to her admission to the hospital. She had been feeling unusually good for several weeks. At first, she didn’t think anything was wrong. In fact, her impression was quite the opposite. Everything seemed to be going right for her, except her job. She had lost all focus from her work as her energy level was extremely high. She felt a renewed confidence in herself and her relationships with other people. She was feeling particularly exhilarated. Vaishali initially welcomed these feelings, especially because she had been so lethargic and also tended to be reserved with people. Soon she realised that her moods shifted constantly. The enthusiasm of gleefully throwing herself into new and exciting activities, would soon be over. Now she started being quite normal in her behaviour. She resumed work sincerely and appeared calm.

Name and state a characteristic feature of the disorder that Vaishali is experiencing.

Which of the following statements is/are true about the diathesis-stress model ?

1. Presence of some biological aberration which may be inherited.
2. Physiological disorders develop due to combination of psychological predisposition and stressors.
3. Diathesis may carry vulnerability to develop a psychological disorder.
4. Absence of pathogenic stressors that may lead to psychopathology.

1. Only (i) is true.
2. (i) and (iii) are true.
3. Only (iii) is true.
4. (ii) and (iv) are true.

Some people are unable to prevent themselves from specific ideas or from repeatedly carrying out a set of actions that disrupts their daily functioning. These people are showing symptoms of ____________ .

1. Manic depressive disorder
2. Panic disorder
3. Somatic symptom disorder
4. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Michael, a 10-year-old boy, was diagnosed with a disorder where he has difficulty in perceiving and processing information accurately and efficiently. This impacts his basic skills of reading, writing and doing mathematics. Identify this disorder.

1. Autism spectrum disorder
2. Intellectual disability
3. Specific learning disorder
4. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

As per the American Psychiatric Association, the manual which describes and classifies mental disorders is called ___________.

1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manuscript-V
2. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-V
3. International Classification of Diseases-11
4. International Classification of Disorders-11

Majid likes all his cups and cutlery to be in proper order. He spends several hours of his day checking on the cups and cutlery position in the kitchen. This is to the extent that he has now started checking the position of cutlery even at restaurants. Majid’s behaviour indicates __________.

1. Anxiety
2. Obsession
3. Compulsion
4. Phobia

Anxiety disorders have been linked to low activity of the neurotransmitter ______.

1. dopamine
2. serotonin
3. gamma aminobutyric acid
4. cortisol

Anjali hears voices commenting on her actions when no one is around. This symptom is referred to as:

1. delusion of reference
2. illusion
3. hallucination
4. obsession

Given below are two statements labelled as Assertion (A) and Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Persistent sadness, feelings of worthlessness and loss of interest indicate major depressive disorder.

Reason (R): Major depressive disorder involves a change of self-perception, and the person’s sense of reality is temporarily lost or changed.

Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A .
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Wellbeing is _____.

1. Maintenance and survival
2. Growth and fulfilment
3. Following the norms of society
4. Not only maintenance and survival but also growth and fulfilment

Anisha keeps washing her hand after a bout of fever. This continuous washing leads to bruises on her palm. Identify this behaviour.

1. Compulsive behaviour
2. Impulsive behaviour
3. Phobic behaviour
4. Obsessive behaviour

In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion(A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option.

Assertion (A)-In the understanding of abnormal behaviour, the Renaissance period was the Age of Reason and Enlightenment.

Reasoning (R)- Imbalances amongst humours led to disorders, according to the organismic approach.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
3. A is true but R is false
4. A is false but R is true

Satish, a 20-year-old male, with schizophrenia, believes that the police of the area are tracking and following him. The patrolling of the police makes him believe that they are monitoring every behaviour of his. These thoughts are interfering with his studies and assignments. Satish occasionally laughs abruptly and inappropriately and sometimes stops speaking mid-sentence. He expresses concern about electronics in the room (phone, computer) potentially being monitored and asks the therapist repeatedly about patient confidentiality, stating that he wants to be sure the police won’t be informed about his treatment. His beliefs are fixed and if they are challenged, his tone becomes hostile.

Why does Satish occasionally laugh abruptly and inappropriately?

Somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder are concerned with medical illness, yet they are different. Explain using relevant example.

Shreya’s parents brought her to the school counsellor after noticing :

• Noticeable weight loss over the past eight months.
• Skipping meals and avoiding dinners.
• Constant complaints of feeling “too fat” despite appearing underweight.
• Loss of energy, irritability and frequent mood swings.

Shreya herself insisted that “everything is fine,” expressing frustration about being forced to discuss her eating habits.

Identify and explain the various other forms of this disorder.

Anil, a 25-year-old college student, was brought to the psychiatric outpatient department by his parents. Over the past year, they observed that Anil had become increasingly withdrawn and had stopped meeting his friends. He often stayed alone in his room, speaking to himself and laughing without any apparent reason.

Anil complained that he could hear voices discussing his actions and sometimes giving him commands, even when nobody was around. He also showed little interest in daily activities and displayed a lack of emotional expression, rarely smiling or showing enthusiasm. His speech became brief and lacked detail, often limited to short, one-word answers.

Mention two common negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Zikra has a distorted body image that leads her to see herself as overweight. What can be the negative after-effect of this thought ?

Case Study-1

Vaishali was admitted to a hospital in the midst of a manic episode. She had been in psychotherapy for depression for several months while she was in college. She found a job in an advertising office of a local newspaper, where she had been working for a year. Vaishali’s manic episode could be traced to experiences that began three or four months prior to her admission to the hospital. She had been feeling unusually good for several weeks. At first, she didn’t think anything was wrong. In fact, her impression was quite the opposite. Everything seemed to be going right for her, except her job. She had lost all focus from her work as her energy level was extremely high. She felt a renewed confidence in herself and her relationships with other people. She was feeling particularly exhilarated. Vaishali initially welcomed these feelings, especially because she had been so lethargic and also tended to be reserved with people. Soon she realised that her moods shifted constantly. The enthusiasm of gleefully throwing herself into new and exciting activities, would soon be over. Now she started being quite normal in her behaviour. She resumed work sincerely and appeared calm.

‘She had been in psychotherapy for depression for several months while she was in college.’ What are the symptoms that she may have experienced during this phase of depression ?

Adil, a young man, shows aggressive actions that threaten or cause harm to people or animals and indulges in serious rule violations. What are these symptoms indicative of ? Mention two other types of aggressive behaviour.

Mohsin, a 6-year-old boy, has difficulty in feeding and dressing himself, but training from his parents has helped him to be a little independent. He faces trouble making friends outside his family and has difficulty in dealing with people in social situations. His parents are always worried about him and are aware that he needs consistent level of supervision in daily tasks. Mohsin’s brother understands his needs and what he says but it is difficult for his peers to understand him as he lags behind them in communication and language skills.

Throughout Mohsin’s journey, psychologists and health workers focused on engaging his family in meaningful future planning using a variety of strategies and resources. This included offering them ongoing and timely information and assisting the family to understand and connect to resources.

Identify the disorder Mohsin is exhibiting. Distinguish it from autism spectrum disorder.

Mohsin, a 6-year-old boy, has difficulty in feeding and dressing himself, but training from his parents has helped him to be a little independent. He faces trouble making friends outside his family and has difficulty in dealing with people in social situations. His parents are always worried about him and are aware that he needs consistent level of supervision in daily tasks. Mohsin’s brother understands his needs and what he says but it is difficult for his peers to understand him as he lags behind them in communication and language skills.

Throughout Mohsin’s journey, psychologists and health workers focused on engaging his family in meaningful future planning using a variety of strategies and resources. This included offering them ongoing and timely information and assisting the family to understand and connect to resources.

How are the symptoms that Mohsin is exhibiting different from a more severe form of that disorder ?

Mohsin, a 6-year-old boy, has difficulty in feeding and dressing himself, but training from his parents has helped him to be a little independent. He faces trouble making friends outside his family and has difficulty in dealing with people in social situations. His parents are always worried about him and are aware that he needs consistent level of supervision in daily tasks. Mohsin’s brother understands his needs and what he says but it is difficult for his peers to understand him as he lags behind them in communication and language skills.

Throughout Mohsin’s journey, psychologists and health workers focused on engaging his family in meaningful future planning using a variety of strategies and resources. This included offering them ongoing and timely information and assisting the family to understand and connect to resources.

In order to understand Mohsin’s disorder, what do psychologists refer to classify psychological disorders ?

What is well-being ?

Differentiate between obsession and compulsion.

Sundar, a college going 20-year-old male, has moved from his home town to live in a big city. He has continuous fear of insecurity and feels that the enemy soldiers are following him. He gets very tense when he spots anyone in a uniform and feels that they are coming to catch him. This intense anxiety is interfering with his work and relationship, and his friends are extremely concerned as it does not make any sense to them. Sundar occasionally laughs abruptly and inappropriately, and sometimes stops speaking mid-sentence, scanning off in the distance as though he sees or hears something. He expresses concern about television and radio in the room potentially being monitored by the enemies. His beliefs are fixed and if they are challenged, his tone becomes hostile.

Based on the symptoms being exhibited, identify the disorder. Explain the other symptoms that can be seen in this disorder.

Sundar, a college going 20-year-old male, has moved from his home town to live in a big city. He has continuous fear of insecurity and feels that the enemy soldiers are following him. He gets very tense when he spots anyone in a uniform and feels that they are coming to catch him. This intense anxiety is interfering with his work and relationship, and his friends are extremely concerned as it does not make any sense to them. Sundar occasionally laughs abruptly and inappropriately, and sometimes stops speaking mid-sentence, scanning off in the distance as though he sees or hears something. He expresses concern about television and radio in the room potentially being monitored by the enemies. His beliefs are fixed and if they are challenged, his tone becomes hostile.

Define delusion and inappropriate affect. Support it with the symptoms given in the above case study.

A young man shows aggressive actions that cause or threaten harm to people or animals and indulges in serious rule violations. What are these symptoms indicative of ? Mention two other types of aggressive behaviour.

Explain any two changes that occurred in the understanding of psychological disorders, during the Renaissance period.

Explain the symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive disorder.

Satish, a 20-year-old male, with schizophrenia, believes that the police of the area are tracking and following him. The patrolling of the police makes him believe that they are monitoring every behaviour of his. These thoughts are interfering with his studies and assignments. Satish occasionally laughs abruptly and inappropriately and sometimes stops speaking mid-sentence. He expresses concern about electronics in the room (phone, computer) potentially being monitored and asks the therapist repeatedly about patient confidentiality, stating that he wants to be sure the police won’t be informed about his treatment. His beliefs are fixed and if they are challenged, his tone becomes hostile.

“The patrolling of the police makes him believe that they are monitoring every behaviour of his.” Identify and explain the symptom of the disorder being reflected in this statement.

Classifying psychological disorders is important. Justify its importance. Discuss the contributions of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) for the same.

Explain how the Age of Reason and Enlightenment influenced the treatment and perception of psychological disorders in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

A person has psychological difficulties and complains of physical symptoms for which there is no biological cause. Identify the disorder and explain its main features.

Can a long-standing pattern of deviant behaviour be considered abnormal ? Elaborate and state an example of the same.

Is separation anxiety disorder classified under neurodevelopmental disorders ? Give reasons for your answer by enumerating the symptoms of separation anxiety disorder.

Explain any three psychological models used to understand mental disorders.

Discuss in detail the hallucinations experienced by a person diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Pia has just joined school. Her teachers observed her closely during her group interactions. They noticed that she shows narrow patterns of interest and is preoccupied in flapping her hands. Pia also finds it challenging to start and maintain a conversation. What do Pia’s symptoms indicate ? List the other symptoms displayed by children diagnosed with this problem.

Imran is a forty-year-old male who complains of difficulty in breathing and other body-related symptoms. On being examined, the doctors were unable to find any medical explanation for his reported symptoms. Explain this disorder and discuss its various types.

Richa is a young girl working as an officer in an organisation. One day she just disappeared from the city and after two years she was found on the banks of a river. Nobody there knew who she was and where she had come from. But, one day she suddenly ‘woke up’ and wanted to know how she had reached the banks of the river. Explain this disorder and list the other disorders in the same category.

Shahid is a thin boy but he sees himself as fat and overweight. He refuses to eat and starves himself for days. These symptoms are typical of which disorder ? Explain its other types.

What are substance related and addictive disorders? Explain the consequences of alcohol abuse.

Describe different types of anxiety disorders.

Meera has an intense irrational fear of spiders and experiences sudden episodes of intense terror with breathlessness and dizziness. Identify the two types of anxiety disorders she might be suffering from and suggest one coping strategy for each.

How does the behavioural model help us in understanding mental disorders ? Explain.

Do you think that complaints and worries of physical symptoms may occur without any biological cause ? What are the symptoms related to this and its related conditions ?

Deepa has been diagnosed with generalised anxiety disorder. Explain the development of this disorder with the help of diathesis-stress model.

Discuss the risk factors associated with suicides. What are the symptoms that help in identifying students in distress ? Examine some ways to foster positive self-esteem in students.

What are the characteristics of neurodevelopmental disorders ? Describe any three neurodevelopmental disorders.

When does normal anxiety turn into a disorder ? Discuss any three psychological models to explain abnormal behaviour.

What are neurodevelopmental disorders ? Explain the symptoms associated with Autism spectrum disorder.

Abdul believes that his actions are being controlled by a satellite through a chip implanted in his brain by some aliens. Identify the disorder and explain its other symptoms.

Reminder’s parents report that she frequently fidgets, squirms, and lacks concentration. Her teachers have expressed concerns about her inability to complete tasks and participate in classroom activities. Explain the neurodevelopmental disorder being referred to here.

Ravi has been showing signs of extreme social withdrawal and erratic mood swings. As a psychology student, how would you apply different approaches/models/factors to understand and explain any abnormal behaviour ?

Psychological Disorders have come a long way in their journey of understanding and treatment of disorders. To understand psychological disorders, we would require a brief historical account of how these disorders have been viewed over the ages. When we study the history of abnormal psychology, we find that certain theories have occurred repeatedly. Trace the history of disorders to understand their origin and leading to the latest developments.

Explain the various types of anxiety disorders.

Explain any three approaches used to explain abnormal behaviour.

What do you understand by the term ‘dissociation’ ? Explain its various forms.

What are the common features of neurodevelopmental disorders ? Describe any three neurodevelopmental disorders.

Describe the characteristics of individuals with different levels of intellectual disability.

When does anxiety turn into a disorder? Explain the different types of anxiety disorders.

Your friend failed an important test. You sit with him/her, listen to his/her feelings, and try to understand the experience without judgement. Which quality are you demonstrating and why ?

1. Sympathy – because you feel sorry for your friend’s situation.
2. Empathy – because you are trying to understand your friend’s feeling from their perspective.
3. Assertiveness – because you are confidentially telling them what to do.
4. Motivation – because you are pushing them to study harder next time.

A therapist working with children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) gives them a star sticker each time they complete a task without distraction. After collecting five stars, they can exchange it with a small toy. What psychological technique is being used here ?

1. Classical conditioning
2. Token economy
3. Systematic desensitization
4. Free association

‘Unconditional positive regard’ as proposed by Carl Rogers indicates :

1. Accepting a person only when they behave correctly
2. Valuing a person regardless of their behaviour or flaws
3. Praising someone excessively to boost self-esteem
4. Using punishment to correct unwanted behaviour

Aversive conditioning is most accurately described as :

1. Learning desirable behaviours through imitation of role models
2. Strengthening desired behaviour by rewarding it constantly
3. Reducing unwanted behaviour by associating it with an unpleasant stimulus
4. Encouraging self-awareness through open dialogue and regular discussion

Ananya, a 22-year-old college student, was diagnosed with a severe disorder two years ago. After her symptoms were brought under control with medication and therapy, her doctors suggested that she join a rehabilitation program. As part of this program, Ananya attended occupational therapy, participated in social skills training and enrolled in vocational therapy. All the above helped her.

Explain the term rehabilitation.

Angel, a high-achieving professional, is struggling with intense anxiety and feelings of inadequacy. She believes that she “must” be perfect and loved by everyone in her social and work circles. This belief is rooted in her experiences where she was constantly praised for her achievements but rarely for her personal qualities. Whenever she encounters a minor setback or criticism, such as a less-than-perfect performance review, she feels devastated, thinking that she has failed entirely. Beliefs such as “I am stupid” and “I will not succeed” make her emotionally unstable, impacting her daily functioning.

Explain the cause of Angel’s distress according to Albert Ellis.

Hina’s therapist at the rehabilitation centre administers __________ to improve the basic functions of her attention and memory.

1. Social skills training
2. Vocational training
3. Cognitive retraining
4. Occupational therapy

Sabina seems to be preoccupied with the question of why she is in this world here. She is often plagued with questions about the meaning and purpose of life. Thus, she may be experiencing ___________ .

1. Existential anxiety
2. Stress
3. Unconscious anxiety
4. Intrapsychic conflict

‘Systematic desensitisation is a technique introduced by Wolpe for treating phobias or irrational fears.’

Referring to the above therapy, arrange the following in the correct sequence :

1. Together with the client, the therapist prepares a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli with the least anxiety-provoking stimuli at the bottom of the hierarchy.
2. The client is interviewed to elicit fear-provoking situations.
3. Over sessions, the client is able to imagine more severe fear-provoking situations while maintaining the relaxation.
4. The therapist relaxes the client and asks the client to think about the least anxiety-provoking situation.

1. (i) – (iv) – (iii) – (ii)
2. (iii) – (iv) – (i) – (ii)
3. (iv) – (i) – (ii) – (iii)
4. (ii) – (i) – (iv) – (iii)

Which of the following are not true about therapeutic approaches ?

1. Therapeutic approaches are corrective and helping in nature.
2. Therapeutic approaches do not involve an interpersonal relationship between the therapist and the client.
3. Some therapeutic approaches such as client-centred therapy are directive in nature.
4. Some therapeutic approaches are non-directive such as humanistic-existential therapy.

1. (i) and (ii)
2. (ii) and (iii)
3. (i) and (iii)
4. (ii) and (iv)

In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Select the correct choice from (a), (b), (c), (d).

Assertion (A) : According to cognitive therapy, childhood experiences provided by the family and society develop core schemas in the child which include beliefs and action patterns in individual.

Reason (R) : In this therapy, irrational beliefs mediate between antecedent events and their consequences.

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
3. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
4. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Ritik is undergoing a therapy where he is being taught to recognise bodily processes and the emotions that are being blocked out from his awareness. Which therapy is being applied here ?

1. Client-centred therapy
2. Logotherapy
3. Cognitive behaviour therapy
4. Gestalt therapy

Why is behavioural analysis conducted to overcome stress ?

1. To find malfunctioning behaviour
2. To find the consequent operations of the adaptive behaviour
3. To identify the antecedents of faulty learning
4. To identify factors that maintain faulty learning

1. (i), (iii) and (iv)
2. Only (iii)
3. (ii) and (iii)
4. (i) and (ii)

Systematic desensitisation is a technique introduced by Wolpe for treating phobias or irrational fears.

Referring to the above therapy, arrange the following in correct sequence :

1. Together with the client, the therapist prepares a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli with the least anxiety-provoking stimuli at the bottom of the hierarchy.
2. The client is interviewed to elicit fear-provoking situations.
3. Over sessions, the client is able to imagine more severe fear-provoking situations, while maintaining the relaxation.
4. The therapist relaxes the client and asks the client to think about the least anxiety-provoking situation.

1. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
2. (iii), (iv), (i) and (ii)
3. (iv), (i), (ii) and (iii)
4. (ii), (i), (iv) and (iii)

After undergoing therapy for mental illness, Kavita was admitted into a rehabilitation centre to become a responsible and productive member of society. After improvement, she was helped to gain skills necessary to undertake productive employment. This is a part of

1. Cognitive training
2. Social skills training
3. Occupational therapy
4. Vocational training

In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.

Assertion (A) : In client-centred therapy, unconditional positive regard indicates that the positive warmth of the therapist is not dependent on what the client reveals.

Reason (R) : Empathy sets up an emotional resonance between the therapist and the client which helps the client to feel secure.

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
3. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
4. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Given below are two statements labelled as Assertion (A) and Reason (R).

Assertion: Behavioural analysis is conducted to find malfunctioning behaviours, the antecedents of faulty learning, and the factors that maintain or continue faulty learning.

Reason: The aim of the treatment in behavioural therapy is to extinguish or eliminate the faulty behaviours and substitute them with adaptive behaviour patterns.

Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

In logotherapy, which of the following is considered essential for coping with life's challenges?

1. Identifying and altering negative thought patterns to develop a more positive mindset
2. Finding a personal sense of meaning or purpose, even in difficult situations
3. Using reinforcement to increase desired behaviours and reduce problematic ones
4. Replacing irrational beliefs with logical, realistic ones to improve emotional well-being

Sachin often calls out answers in class without raising his hand. To change this behaviour, the teacher starts ignoring him when he calls out but praises him every time, he raises his hand before speaking. What strategy is the teacher using?

1. Positive reinforcement
2. Punishment
3. Differential reinforcement
4. Negative reinforcement

Which of the following best demonstrates the concept of empathy in a therapeutic setting?

1. A therapist offers advice to the client on how to resolve their issues based on personal experiences.
2. A therapist encourages the client to move past their emotions and focus only on logical solutions to their problems.
3. A therapist remains neutral and detached to maintain professionalism, avoiding emotional involvement in the client’s experiences.
4. A therapist carefully listens to the client’s experiences and expresses understanding of the client’s emotions, allowing the client to feel heard and valued.

Riya was advised to undergo systematic desensitisation to overcome her fear of closed spaces. How will systematic desensitisation help Riya ?

Vishal went for a health check-up and the doctor recommended Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). CBT is an effective way of treating disorders. Explain the process involved in this therapy.e

Ananya, a 22-year-old college student, was diagnosed with a severe disorder two years ago. After her symptoms were brought under control with medication and therapy, her doctors suggested that she join a rehabilitation program. As part of this program, Ananya attended occupational therapy, participated in social skills training and enrolled in vocational therapy. All the above helped her.

It has been observed that occupational therapy, social skills training and vocational therapy are very effective. Elaborate on any two.

At any one time, a diverse set of individual, family, community and structural factors may combine to protect or undermine mental health. Although most people are resilient, people who are exposed to adverse circumstances – including poverty, violence, disability and inequality – are at higher risk of developing a mental health condition. Protective and risk factors include individual, psychological and biological factors, such as emotional skills as well as genetics. Many of the risks and protective factors are influenced through changes in brain structure and/or function. People with mental disorders also require social support, including support in developing and maintaining personal, family and social relationships. People with mental disorders may also need support for educational programmes, employment, housing and participation in other meaningful activities.

State two steps which are helpful in addressing the concerns of mentally-ill people.

A client is undergoing psychodynamic therapy for the treatment of his problem. What is likely to be the chief benefit of this therapy to the client ?

Angel, a high-achieving professional, is struggling with intense anxiety and feelings of inadequacy. She believes that she “must” be perfect and loved by everyone in her social and work circles. This belief is rooted in her experiences where she was constantly praised for her achievements but rarely for her personal qualities. Whenever she encounters a minor setback or criticism, such as a less-than-perfect performance review, she feels devastated, thinking that she has failed entirely. Beliefs such as “I am stupid” and “I will not succeed” make her emotionally unstable, impacting her daily functioning.

How does RET help in reducing distress ?

Mukesh is preparing for an entrance examination and is anxious. He has a persistent irrational thought that he would not succeed. Explain the therapy that can help him understand and overcome his anxiety.

Wasim has a phobia of lizards. What causes will a behaviour therapist assign to Wasim’s phobia ?

The therapy which considers a person as a whole entity consisting of body, mind and emotions, also explains the alleviation of the client’s problems. Identify the therapy and state any two key features of this therapy.

Can one transform the therapeutic relationship into a healing relationship by understanding the plight of others ? If yes or no, explain.

Do behavioural and psychodynamic therapists view the cause of psychological problems as being the same ? Give reasons for your answer.

Explain cognitive distortions. Give an example of cognitive distortion that a client might be experiencing.

What is meant by the term ‘therapist and patient variables’ in the context of psychotherapy ?

Read the case study and answer the questions (Q. 33 – 34) that follow :

Sameera was referred to a clinical psychologist for anger issues pertaining to differences with her parents. Initially, Sameera kept denying any such concerns and said, it is nothing but an adolescent phase. The clinical psychologist was not convinced and decided to probe deeper. She knew that Sameera was hesitating to share her private feelings and thoughts. The clinical psychologist started by creating an environment where there was trust, empathy, genuineness and warmth. This helped Sameera to develop a positive relationship with the clinical psychologist. Soon Sameera was sharing her inner turmoils and the reasons of her anger towards her parents. The psychologist challenged her faulty thought patterns and substituted them with adaptive and positive thoughts. This helped to reduce her distress.

Identify the nature of this relationship between the clinical psychologist and Sameera. What are its components ?

Read the case study and answer the questions (Q. 33 – 34) that follow :

Sameera was referred to a clinical psychologist for anger issues pertaining to differences with her parents. Initially, Sameera kept denying any such concerns and said, it is nothing but an adolescent phase. The clinical psychologist was not convinced and decided to probe deeper. She knew that Sameera was hesitating to share her private feelings and thoughts. The clinical psychologist started by creating an environment where there was trust, empathy, genuineness and warmth. This helped Sameera to develop a positive relationship with the clinical psychologist. Soon Sameera was sharing her inner turmoils and the reasons of her anger towards her parents. The psychologist challenged her faulty thought patterns and substituted them with adaptive and positive thoughts. This helped to reduce her distress.

How is this relationship unique in nature ? Differentiate between empathy and intellectual understanding.

Read the case study and answer the questions (Q. 33 – 34) that follow :

Sameera was referred to a clinical psychologist for anger issues pertaining to differences with her parents. Initially, Sameera kept denying any such concerns and said, it is nothing but an adolescent phase. The clinical psychologist was not convinced and decided to probe deeper. She knew that Sameera was hesitating to share her private feelings and thoughts. The clinical psychologist started by creating an environment where there was trust, empathy, genuineness and warmth. This helped Sameera to develop a positive relationship with the clinical psychologist. Soon Sameera was sharing her inner turmoils and the reasons of her anger towards her parents. The psychologist challenged her faulty thought patterns and substituted them with adaptive and positive thoughts. This helped to reduce her distress.

‘The psychologist challenged her faulty thought patterns and substituted them with adaptive and positive thoughts.’ Which therapeutic approach has been used here ? Explain the chief benefit to Sameera.

Read the case study and answer the questions (Q. 35 – 36) that follow :

Anna first came to the attention of psychoanalyst, Joseph Breuer, in 1880 when he was called to her house in Vienna where she was lying in bed, almost entirely paralysed. Her other symptoms included hallucinations, personality changes and rambling speech, but doctors could not find any physical cause. Breuer visited her almost daily and talked to her about her thoughts and feelings, including her grief for her father. The more she talked, the more her symptoms seem to fade — this was apparently one of the first ever instances of psychoanalysis or “the talking cure”. Although Freud never met Anna, he wrote about her case, including the notion that she had a hysterical pregnancy, although this was also disputed later.

‘The more she talked, the more her symptoms seem to fade.’ What are the methods used in psychoanalysis to bring the unconscious to the conscious realm ? Explain.

Anjan is undergoing therapy for anxiety. During the sessions, the therapist shares details of Anjan’s problems with Anjan’s colleagues without his permission. Which ethical principle is being violated here? Why is it important to follow this principle in therapy?

Reena constantly thinks, “I must succeed at everything, or I am a failure,” which causes her distress when she makes small mistakes. How can Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) help Reena overcome her psychological distress ? Mention three steps involved in the Rational Emotive Therapy (RET).

Ashok, who suffers from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), is considering alternative therapies to complement his current treatment. Recommend and justify which approach might be most beneficial for Ashok.

Shyam believes that he should be loved by everybody, all the time. Most of his beliefs have a ‘must’ or ‘should’ component. When things don’t go his way, he feels distressed. Suggest a suitable therapy that will make Shyam think deeper into his irrational belief system and help him to feel better.

Due to the present challenges in her life, Alvira finds herself quite often asking questions like – What is her aim in life or the purpose of her life ? She consults a therapist as she finds her present life meaningless and inauthentic. How will the humanistic-existential therapist alleviate her distress and help her to achieve a sense of wholeness ? Explain.

Analyse the importance of rehabilitation in the recovery of individuals with severe mental illness.

Aman is experiencing anxiety due to academic pressure. He often thinks, “I am not good enough” and “I am a failure.” These thoughts cause him to withdraw from social activities and friends. How would Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) help Aman manage his anxiety?

Ritika has been feeling anxious, socially withdrawn and unable to manage her daily routine. She decides to see a psychotherapist. Over the course of several sessions, she begins to feel heard and supported. Based on this case, elaborate on the factors that contributed to Ritika’s psychological healing through psychotherapy.

Which therapy encourages the client to seek personal growth and actualise their potential ? Write about the therapies based on this principle.

Explain any four techniques used in behaviour therapy.

Vihan is treating his client. What are the ethical standards that he has to keep in mind when he is administering psychotherapy ? Discuss.

An eight-year-old child is showing aggressive and disruptive behaviour in the class. As a student of Psychology, what techniques would you suggest to help modify the child’s behaviour ?

Describe the process of rehabilitation of the mentally ill in detail.

Discuss the various techniques used in behaviour therapy to eliminate faulty behaviours.

A seven-year-old child is showing disruptive and aggressive behaviour in the class. What techniques can her/his teachers use to help modify the child’s behaviour ? Discuss.

Explain the main characteristics and unique properties of a therapeutic relationship.

(a) Discuss the role of core schemas, negative automatic thoughts, cognitive distortions and irrational beliefs in cognitive therapies.

(b) Discuss six key ethical standards that professional psychotherapists must adhere to. Explain how each standard contributes to the effectiveness of psychotherapy and ensures the well-being of clients.

Describe Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) as an effective therapy.

What do you understand by psychotherapy? Explain the factors contributing to healing in psychotherapy.

According to the concept of balance proposed by Fritz Heider, imbalance is found when :

(i) All three sides of the P-O-X triangle are negative.
(ii) Two sides of the P-O-X triangle are negative and one side is positive.
(iii) Two sides of the P-O-X triangle are positive and one side is negative.
(iv) All three sides of the P-O-X triangle are positive.

1. (i) and (ii) only
2. (ii) and (iv) only
3. (i) and (iii) only
4. (ii) only

In an attitude change, when the change is in the same direction as the existing attitude (for example, a positive attitude may become more positive, or a negative attitude may become more negative), this is called :

1. Congruency
2. Constancy
3. Incongruency
4. Inconstancy

In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.

Assertion (A) : Stereotypes often originate from an element of reality.

Reason (R) : The concept of the “Kernel of truth” suggests that there may be a small factual basis behind some generalized beliefs about groups.

Options :

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
3. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
4. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

A self-fulfilling prophecy is best described as :

1. Changing beliefs after experiencing new information
2. Target group behaving in ways that justify the prejudice
3. Rejecting stereotypes even when there is evidence
4. Behaving in ways opposite to one’s expectations

In attitude change, the source characteristics mainly depend on ___________.

1. Popularity of the message topic
2. Length and duration of the message
3. Attractiveness and credibility of source
4. Number of times the message is repeated

A person dislikes a type of food, expresses negative opinion about it, and avoids it. Which components of the A-B-C model of attitudes are illustrated in this example ?

1. Affective and Cognitive
2. Affective and Behavioural
3. Cognitive and Behavioural
4. Affective, Behavioural and Cognitive

Which method of message transmission is likely to be most effective for creating a positive attitude towards Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) for young children ?

1. Mass media advertisements
2. Pamphlets and brochures
3. Community social workers and doctors talking to people directly
4. Radio announcements

Which of the following statements is not true about complexity in an attitude system ?

1. It refers to how many attitudes there are within a broader attitude.
2. Think of an attitude as a family containing several ‘member’ attitudes.
3. Each member’s attitude that belongs to an attitude system has only one of the A-B-C components.
4. The multiple-member attitudes within an attitude system should not be confused with the three A-B-C components.

The group that is the target of prejudice is sometimes responsible for continuing the prejudice. The members of this target group may behave in a manner that proves the description to be true. This explains the concept of __________.

1. Kernel of truth
2. Self-fulfilling prophecy
3. Scapegoating
4. Ingroup bias

In this question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.

Assertion (A): A person’s behaviour is never contrary to her/his attitude towards a particular topic.

Reason (R): There would be consistency between attitudes and behaviour when the attitude is strong.

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
3. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
4. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Sophia Duleep Singh was the daughter of Maharaja Duleep Singh — the last Sikh emperor of Punjab. Sophia was a long-time supporter of the Women’s Suffrage movement (right to vote) and a leading campaigner for changing attitudes about women’s rights in Britain. However, she remains a little-known figure.

In 1910, she was part of a delegation of 300 suffragettes who marched towards the Parliament in London. The Prime Minister refused to meet the women and the demonstration turned violent as policemen and men in the crowd outside the building beat them. Many of the demonstrators were seriously injured and the day came to be called Black Friday in the UK. Sophia was among the 119 women who were arrested.

Sophia transcended her heritage to devote herself to battling injustice and inequality. Her main causes were the struggle for Indian Independence, the welfare of Indian soldiers in the First World War — and, above all, the fight for female suffrage. Princess Sophia supported Indians, particularly women, throughout her life.

‘Her causes were the struggle for Indian independence, the welfare of Indian soldiers in the First World War — and, above all, the fight for female suffrage.’ All of these attitudes were present within a broader attitude, i.e., the attitude against injustice and inequality. Explain the feature specified here.

Vikas has a somewhat positive attitude towards empowerment of women. When he read about Kalpana Chawla’s achievements, his attitude became more positive. This would be a/an ______________ change.

1. Extreme
2. Simple
3. Congruent
4. Incongruent

In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Select the correct choice from (a), (b), (c), (d).

Assertion (A) : Cognitive consistency means that two components in an attitude system must be in the opposite direction.

Reason (R) : If the two elements are not logically in consonance with each other, it leads to distress in the individual.

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
3. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
4. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Ashwin’s roommate at college, who belonged to a particular State, was always rude and selfish towards him. Ashwin now does not befriend or employ people from this State as he feels that they are all impolite. This is an example of

1. Self-fulfilling prophecy
2. Kernel of truth
3. Scapegoating
4. Social cognition

Which one of the following is not a factor that will lead to attitude change ?

1. Message characteristics
2. Environmental characteristics
3. Source characteristics
4. Target characteristics

There will be a consistency between attitude and behaviour only when

1. The attitude is not very strong.
2. The person is unaware of his/her attitude.
3. There is a lot of external pressure to behave in a particular way.
4. The person’s behaviour is not being watched or evaluated by others.

Ritesh buys groceries from a store that advertises its responsibility towards protection of the environment by providing free reusable cloth bags to its customers. This is an example of changing attitude through

1. Emotional appeal
2. Attractiveness
3. Rational appeal
4. Persuasibility

In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice.

Assertion (A) : Beliefs are the cognitive components of attitudes and form the ground on which attitudes stand, such as belief in God.

Reason (R) : It has all the three components of an attitude.

1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
2. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
3. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
4. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Attitudes are best described as:

1. Temporary emotional reactions that have cognitive and affective components
2. A state of the mind, a set of views, or thoughts, regarding some topic.
3. Personality traits which are rooted firmly.
4. Genetic dispositions which are not developed through experiences or social learning

A charity organization is trying to encourage donations for children’s education. They create an advertisement which presents statistics and facts about how education improves communities and future job prospects. Which of the following factors is being used to influence attitude change in this advertisement?

1. attractiveness
2. credibility
3. rational appeal
4. emotional appeal

According to the two-step concept proposed by Mohsin, attitude change will take place when:

i. The source has a positive attitude towards the target
ii. The source shows an attitude change, by changing other’s behaviour
iii. The target of change identifies with the source
iv. The target is the person through whose influence change takes place.

1. iii and iv
2. i and iii
3. ii and iii
4. ii and iv

Specify any two processes, that help in attitude formation and explain how it occurs.

Attitudes are sometimes confused with beliefs. Explain the concept of beliefs using a relevant example.

(a) Discuss the difference between a simple and a complex attitude system using the example of attitude towards health and well-being versus attitude towards a particular person.

(b) Assess and write the impact of family and school environment on attitude formation.

Mridul feels very happy to join a group of people in his neighbourhood to start a tree plantation campaign. Explain any two components of his attitude towards a ‘green environment’.

Sophia Duleep Singh was the daughter of Maharaja Duleep Singh — the last Sikh emperor of Punjab. Sophia was a long-time supporter of the Women’s Suffrage movement (right to vote) and a leading campaigner for changing attitudes about women’s rights in Britain. However, she remains a little-known figure.

In 1910, she was part of a delegation of 300 suffragettes who marched towards the Parliament in London. The Prime Minister refused to meet the women and the demonstration turned violent as policemen and men in the crowd outside the building beat them. Many of the demonstrators were seriously injured and the day came to be called Black Friday in the UK. Sophia was among the 119 women who were arrested.

Sophia transcended her heritage to devote herself to battling injustice and inequality. Her main causes were the struggle for Indian Independence, the welfare of Indian soldiers in the First World War — and, above all, the fight for female suffrage. Princess Sophia supported Indians, particularly women, throughout her life.

The characteristics of the existing attitude (towards women’s right to vote) influence the attitude change. To what extent could these have helped Sophia bring about the change in attitude towards women’s right to vote ?

Suppose you are a college student who wants to contribute towards the country’s economy. Suggest a process that you will use to bring an attitude change amongst your peers towards buying only Indian goods to support the nation’s economy.

Athar is popular in school but very careless when it comes to managing his things. He behaves rudely when his parents ask him to take care of his things. Explain two factors that led to this type of attitude formation.

Explain the characteristics of an attitude in terms of complexity and centrality.

How does self-fulfilling prophecy help in strengthening prejudices ? Give an example to support your answer.

What are the two source characteristics that affect attitude change ?

What are the steps in which attitude change takes place according to the two-step concept ?

How do values and beliefs differ from attitudes ?

All the Indian settlers were contemptuously and without distinction dubbed “coolies” and forbidden to walk on footpaths or be out at night without permits.

Mahatma Gandhi quickly discovered colour discrimination in South Africa and confronted the realisation that being Indian subjected him to it as well. At a particular train station, railway employees ordered him out of the carriage despite his possessing a first-class ticket. Then on the stagecoach for the next leg of his journey, the coachman, who was white, boxed his ears. A Johannesburg hotel also barred him from lodging there. Indians were commonly forbidden to own land in Natal, while ownership was more permissible for native-born people.

In 1894, the Natal Bar Association tried to reject Gandhi on the basis of race. He was nearly lynched in 1897 upon returning from India while disembarking from a ship moored at Durban after he, his family, and 600 other Indians had been forcibly quarantined, allegedly due to medical fears that they carried plague germs.

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination ? On the basis of the incidents in the above case study, identify a situation for each which are examples of prejudice and discrimination.

All the Indian settlers were contemptuously and without distinction dubbed “coolies” and forbidden to walk on footpaths or be out at night without permits.

Mahatma Gandhi quickly discovered colour discrimination in South Africa and confronted the realisation that being Indian subjected him to it as well. At a particular train station, railway employees ordered him out of the carriage despite his possessing a first-class ticket. Then on the stagecoach for the next leg of his journey, the coachman, who was white, boxed his ears. A Johannesburg hotel also barred him from lodging there. Indians were commonly forbidden to own land in Natal, while ownership was more permissible for native-born people.

In 1894, the Natal Bar Association tried to reject Gandhi on the basis of race. He was nearly lynched in 1897 upon returning from India while disembarking from a ship moored at Durban after he, his family, and 600 other Indians had been forcibly quarantined, allegedly due to medical fears that they carried plague germs.

What do you think could have been a source of these prejudices ? Explain any two sources.

The genocide committed by the Nazis in Germany against Jewish people is an extreme example of mass killing of innocent people. Identify the phenomenon. Explain any one component of the phenomenon reflected in this example.

With the help of an example, show how cognitive dissonance can be converted into cognitive consistency as explained by Leon Festinger.

Define attitude and explain its components.

How can the goals of handling prejudice be accomplished ?

‘An individual’s attitude towards a particular topic may be contrary to his/her behaviour.’ Justify this statement with evidence.

‘Values and beliefs are not the same as attitudes.’ Explain this statement with the help of examples.

Explain how the concept of balance leads to a change in attitude of an individual.

An advertising company has been hired to create an advertisement for a new eco-friendly product aimed at young adults. Describe three important characteristics of the target audience that the company should keep in mind when designing the advertisement.

Prejudice can be difficult to change due to its deep-rooted sources. Imagine you are working on a community outreach programme aiming to reduce prejudice. How would you explain the main causes that lead to development of prejudice ?

Describe four methods through which attitudes are formed.

Sumedha supports reducing plastic use, but uses single-use plastic items for her convenience. Is her behaviour a reflection of her attitude ? Explain this Attitude-Behaviour Relationship.

Satish is developing a marketing strategy to enhance the sale of a new gadget. What are the important target characteristics that will influence attitude change towards the new gadget ?

Describe the relationship between prejudice and discrimination.

Quite often we see people getting themselves photographed while helping others or even when they are offering donations to the needy. Can we identify the attitudes of these people through their behaviour ? When would there be consistency between attitude and behaviour ? Explain.