Political Science (028) · Class XII · Chapter-wise Board Questions

(A) Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

(C) The system of social welfare got strengthened.

(C) Afghanistan

(B) Mikhail Gorbachev

(A) (1) - (ii), (2) - (iii), (3) - (iv), (4) - (i)

(B) Shock Therapy

(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

(B) Berlin Wall

(C) Private ownership of industries and land

(B) (iii), (ii), (i), (iv)

(A) (ii), (i), (iii), (iv)

(C) Russia, Ukraine, Belarus

(A) Tajikistan

(B) (ii), (i), (iv), (iii)

(B) (ii), (i), (iv), (iii)

(C) Chechnya and Dagestan

(D) (i), (iv), (ii), (iii)

(A) Tajikistan

(C) (iv), (ii), (iii), (i)

(C) Disintegration of the Soviet Union

(A) III, I, IV, II

(C) Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan

(a) General Secretary of Communist Party of USSR

(a) Political Movement

(c) Italy

(c) (i) and (ii) only

(C) Multilateral diplomacy and co-operation

(A) Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia

(i) Tajakistan

(ii) Azerbaijan

(iii) Belarus

(iv) Armenia

(v) Ukraine

(vi) Kyrgyzstan

(vii) Georgia

(viii) Russia

(or any other) (Any four)

Candidates may answer the questions in ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. Candidate should give arguments to support his /her answer. For example if a candidate says ‘No’ then she/he can write that it has ruined the economy of the states and industries were sold at throw away prices. Similarly for ‘Yes’- argument is to be given.

(2)

Republics of USSR:-

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

(Any four) 4×½=2

Russia, Latvia, Ukrain, Azerbaijan.

(or any other country)

1. Boris Yeltsin emerged as a national hero in opposing this coup. Power began to shift from the Soviet centre to the republics, especially in the more Europeanised parts of the Soviet Union, which saw themselves as sovereign states.
2. The Central Asian republics did not ask for independence and wanted to remain with the Soviet Federation. In December 1991, under the leadership of Yeltsin, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, three major republics of the USSR, declared that the Soviet Union was disbanded. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was banned. Capitalism and democracy were adopted as the bases for the post-Soviet republics.

(To be assessed as a whole)

(i) Some sections of the society felt that Gorbachev should have moved much faster and were disappointed that the reforms did not benefit them as they had hoped.

(ii) Members of the Communist Party felt that their power and privileges were eroding and Gorbachev was moving too fast.

(iii) Gorbachev lost support on all sides and public opinion became divided.

(iv) Desire for sovereignty and rise of nationalism in various republics.

(v) People were disillusioned by rampant corruption, slow and stifling administration and bureaucratic authoritarian system.

(or any other relevant point) (Any two)

Effects of the Shock Therapy after the disintegration of Soviet Union:—

(i) It brought ruin to the economies and disaster upon the people of the entire region.

(ii) The large state-controlled industrial complex almost collapsed in Russia.

(iii) The collective farm system disintegrated, leaving people without food security.

(iv) The old system of social welfare was systematically destroyed.

(v) Value of Russian currency Ruble declined dramatically.

(or any other relevant point) (any four)

• Russia and India share a vision of a multi-polar world order i.e. the coexistence of several powers in the international system.
• More than 80 bilateral arguments have been signed between India and Russia as the part of Indo-Russian strategic agreement in 2001.
• India stands to benefit from its relationship with Russia on issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on International terrorism.
• India is an oil- importing nation, Russia is important to India during its Oil crisis.
• Russia is important for India’s nuclear energy plans and assisted India’s space industry by giving the cryogenic rocket.

(Any four)

Soviet system was to ensure the welfare of the people and a minimum standard of living for all the citizens. To achieve this aim/objective

• It opposed the idea of Capitalism and the advocated the need for an egalitarian society.
• The government subsidized the basic necessities of life including health, education, childcare and other welfare schemes.
• State ownership was the dominant form of ownership.
• Land and productive assets were owned and controlled by the government.
• Government had an objective to work for welfare of the people.
• It ensured a minimum standard of living for all its citizens.

(Any four)

Four Changes-

• The soviet Union had collapsed.
• The US became the sole super power.
• The relationship between Russia and united states improved.
• China is emerging as a new economic power.
• The economies of the Asia are growing at a faster pace.
• Many new countries have became members of the united Nations.

(Any four)

Consequences of Shock Therapy –

1. State controlled industries collapsed and were sold to private sector at throw away prices.
2. The value of the Russian currency ‘Ruble’ declined and the rate of inflation was very high.
3. Old system of social welfare was systematically destroyed. Many subsidies were withdrawn .
4. Privatisation led to new disparities. Mafia emerged in most of these countries that started to control many economic activities.

(Any other point) (Any four)

Reasons for economic stagnation in the Soviet Union:

1. Soviet economy used much of its resources in maintaining a nuclear & military arsenal.
2. It spent money on the development of Satellite states in eastern Europe and within the Soviet system.
3. Soviet Union lagged behind the west in technology, infrastructure- transport, power etc.
4. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan further pressurised the Soviet economy.
5. Wages continued to grow but productivity & technology could not keep pace.
6. Shortage of consumer goods led to food imports.
7. The Soviet system became very bureaucratic and authoritarian and was not answerable to the people.

or any other relevant point (any four) (4)

24.1 (B) Capitalist and Democratic

24.2 (D) Russia

24.3 (C) Tajikistan

24.4 (B) Central Asian Republics

(4x1=4)

Students can answer in Yes or No. So credit should be given for their arguments.

For Yes-

• It was necessary otherwise it had took time for the transition.
• It was necessary for the European countries to spread their ideology.

For No-

• European countries may have opted other methods and have given them time to change.
• European countries should not have exploited their weak position and could have given them justice.

or any other relevant point (Evaluate as a whole)

Candidate can answer in his/her language with appropriate arguments. (2 × 2 = 4)

Indo-Russian relations after the disintegration of Soviet Union :-

1. Both share a vision of a multipolar world order.
2. More than 80 bilateral agreements have been signed between India and Russia as part of the Indo-Russian Strategic Agreement of 2001.
3. India stands to benefit from its relationship with Russia on issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on international terrorism, access to Central Asia, and balancing its relations with China.
4. Russia stands to benefit from their relationship because India is the second-largest arms market for Russia.
5. The Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia.
6. Since India is an oil-importing nation, Russia is important to India and has repeatedly come to the assistance of India during its oil crises.

or any other relevant point (Any four) (4 × 1 = 4)

1. After the second world war, the Soviet economy was more developed than the rest of the world, except for the US.
2. It had a complex communication network, vast energy resources including oil, iron and steel machinery production, and a transport sector that connected its remotest areas with efficiency.
3. It had a domestic consumer industry that produced everything from pins to cars.
4. It ensured a minimum standard of living for all citizens, and the government subsidized basic necessities including health, education, childcare and other welfare schemes.
5. There was no unemployment.
6. State ownership was the dominant form of ownership: land and productive assets were owned and controlled by the Soviet State.

or any other relevant point (Any four) (4 × 1 = 4)

• The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system is known as shock therapy.
• Purpose –
  1. To abolish the socialist system of economy and to establish the democratic capitalist system.
  2. To break the existing trade alliances among the countries of Soviet bloc.

any other relevant point (2 + 2 = 4)

Consequences of shock therapy –

1. State controlled large industrial complexes collapsed.
2. The value of ruble declined.
3. The old system of welfareism was systematically destroyed.
4. Big industries were sold at throw away prices.

any other relevant point (Any four) (4 × 1 = 4)

Reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union -

• (i) Internal weaknesses of the Soviet political and economic institutions.
• (ii) Economic stagnation for many years led to severe consumer shortages and a large section of Soviet society began to doubt and question the system.
• (iii) Ordinary people were alienated by slow and stifling administration, rampant corruption, the inability of the system to correct mistakes. This led to unwillingness to allow more openness in government and the centralisation of authority in a vast land.
• (iv) Maximum resources were used on nuclear weapons and other defence equipments

(Or any other relevant point) (Any Two)

(i) The Berlin wall symbolized the division between the capitalist and the communist world.

(ii) East Germany and West Germany

(iii) Outcomes of breaking of the Berlin wall-

(a) The unification of two parts of Germany.

(b) Beginning of the end of the Communist block.

(1+1+2=4)

(26.1) 1945

(26.2) 1961

(26.3) 1991

(26.4) Mikhail Gorbachev

1. India-Russia relations are embedded in a history of trust and common interests.
2. Both share a vision of multipolar world order.
3. India has signed Indo-Russian Strategic Agreement, 2001.
4. India gets regular energy supplies from Russia.
5. India benefits from its relationship with Russia on issues like Kashmir.
6. Both share information on international terrorism.
7. India gets most of its military hardware from Russia.
8. India is assisted by Russia in its space research projects.
9. India and Russia have collaborated on various scientific projects.

(or any other point) (any four points) (4x1=4)

Relations between Russia and India:

1. There is trust and common interest among the two countries.
2. Indian actors and Hindi film songs are heard all over Russia.
3. Russia and India share a vision of a multipolar world, collective security, greater regionalism, etc.
4. Russia benefits from India as India is the second largest arms market for Russia.
5. Russia is an importer for India’s nuclear energy plans and space industry.

Or any other relevant point.

(any two points to be explained) (2x2=4)

1. The Soviet Union became a great power after the Second World War. The Soviet economy was then more developed than the rest of the world except for the US.
2. It had a complex communications network and vast energy resources.
3. It had a domestic consumer industry that produced everything from pins to cars, though their quality did not match that of the Western capitalist countries.
4. The Soviet state ensured a minimum standard of living for all citizens.
5. The government subsidised basic necessities including health, education, childcare and other welfare schemes.
6. There was no unemployment. State ownership was the dominant form of ownership: land and productive assets were owned and controlled by the Soviet state.

Or any other relevant feature

(any two to be explained) (2x2=4)

Reasons responsible for Disintegration of U.S.S.R:

1. Internal weakness of Soviet political and economical institutions.
2. Economic stagnation for many years.
3. Soviet Union used much of its resources in maintaining Nuclear and military arsenals.
4. Communist party was not accountable to the people.
5. Ordinary people became knowledgeable about the technology and the economic advancement of the West.
6. Corruption was rampant in the administration.
7. The Soviet Union had became stagnant in administrative and political field.
8. The system was unwilling to allow openness.
9. Reforms introduced by Mikhail Garbachav led to the demand of quick results.

(any two reasons) (2x2=4)

• i) Arab Spring took its roots from Tunisia where struggle against corruption, unemployment and poverty was started by the public.
• ii) This movement turned into a political movement because the people considered the existing problems as an outcome of autocratic dictatorships.
• iii) The demand for democracy that started in Tunisia spread throughout the Muslim dominated Arab countries West Asia.
• iv) The regime of Hosni Mubarak in Egypt also collapsed as a result of massive democratic protest.
• v) The influence of Arab Spring could also be seen in Yemen, Bahrain, Libya and Syria, where similar protest by the people let to the democratic awakening throughout the region.

(any two)

Four areas of Cooperation between India and Russia.

1. Trade, export, oil, steel plants, technological exchange.
2. Support on Kashmir issue, War against terror.
3. Defence Cooperation and supply of war hardware.
4. Love for Indian Culture, food, festivals, movies, literature.

Or any other relevant point

1. Indo-Russian relation is an important segment of India’s foreign policy. The relations between these two countries are embedded in a history of trust and common interests.
2. Both countries share a vision of a multipolar world.
3. From this relationship, India gets benefits on issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on international terrorism, access to Central Asia and balancing its relations with China.
4. On the other hand, Russia stands to benefit from this relationship because India is the second largest arms market for Russia. The Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia.
5. Russia is vital for India as it has repeatedly come to the assistance of India during its oil crisis. India is trying to increase its energy imports from Russia and the republics of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.
6. Russia supports India’s nuclear energy plants and assisted India’s space industry. For example, Russia has provided the cryogenic rocket when India needed it.

(Or Any other relevant point/s)

The two positive features of the Soviet system were:

1. A minimum standard of living for all citizens was ensured by the Soviet state.
2. Subsidised basic necessities including health, education, child care and other welfare schemes.
3. State ownership was given more importance. Land and productive assets were owned and controlled by the Soviet state.

The two negative features of the Soviet system were:

1. The Soviet system was very bureaucratised and authoritarian in nature.
2. Authoritarianism meant the absence of democracy and freedom of speech which angered the people.
3. The Soviet economy witnessed economic stagnation.
4. State Treasury had spent a huge fortune on building and maintaining nuclear arsenals and in developing its satellite states in East Europe and within the Soviet system. It turned into a large economic burden and the facilities to the people were reduced.

(Any two each or other relevant point/s)

Mikhail Gorbachev was forced to initiate reforms in the USSR for the following reasons:

1. To keep the USSR abreast of the information and technological revolutions taking place in the West.
2. To make the Soviet system less bureaucratic and more efficient to improve the daily life of citizens.
3. To address the internal dissatisfaction, lack of democracy, and absence of freedom of speech that stifled the people.
4. To normalize relations with the West, democratisation with in the country.
5. To counter the economic stagnation caused by diverting vast resources to a large military and supporting allies.

(Any four or other relevant point/s)

(i) It failed to meet the aspirations of the people. Political system became more bureaucratic and freedom of speech was not given there. Rule of one party, was not democratic any more.

(ii) USSR spent much of its money on weapons, this led to huge economic burden. Economic Stagnation for many years led to severe consumer shortages. Leaders could not see disparities between this system and the system of west.

(iii) Gorbachev introduced ‘Perestroika’ and ‘Glasnost’ to reform the USSR. But the people were disillusioned when they came to know the realities. Party members felt that they were deprived of their powers and privileges.

(iv) The rise of nationalism and desire for sovereignty within various republics became the most immediate cause for the collapse.

(any three reasons to be analysed)

(i) It brought ruin to the economics and disaster upon the people of the entire region.

(ii) Transferring of industries from public to Private Sector. Proved to be the virtual disappearance of entire industries. This was called as the largest garage sale in history.

(iii) The value of Ruble declined dramatically and the inflation rate was so high that people lost their savings.

(iv) The withdrawal of government subsidies pushed large sections of the people into poverty.

(v) The collective farm system disintegrated.

(vi) Post Soviet states, especially Russia, were divided between rich and poor regions resulting into great economic inequality.

(Or Any other point) (Any three consequences with explanation)

Shock therapy is considered a painful process of transition as it led to

(i) A drastic change in the external orientation of these economies. Development was now envisaged through more trade. So it was a switch over to free trade also

(ii) The large state-controlled industrial complex almost collapsed.

(iii) FDI was considered as an engine of free trade. So these countries had to change their economy based on state ownership and socialist philosophy to liberal capitalist economy. It was really painful and difficult for the concerned countries.

(iv) It involved a breakup of the existing trade alliances among the countries of soviet bloc. Now it was directly related to west.

(v) The old system of social welfare was systematically destroyed.

(vi) The construction of democratic institutions was not given the same attention and priority as the demands of economic transformation.

(any other relevant point) (any three)

Hence it is considered painful.

Reasons for the disintegration of soviet union.

(i) Internal weaknesses of the state political and economic institutions.

(ii) Soviet system failed to fulfil the aspirations of the people as it had become corrupt and incompetent.

(iii) The centralisation of authority in a vast land.

(iv) Maintenance of the nuclear and military arsenal and development of satellite programme led to huge economic burden on the people and could not meet the needs and demands of the people.

(v) The soviet system was not answerable to people.

(vi) The rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty within various republics including Russia and the Baltic Republics.

(vii) Reforms initiated by General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev.

(viii) The ordinary citizens could see the disparities between their system and the system of the west.

(any other relevant point) (any four)

Reasons :

1. Internal weaknesses of the Soviet political and economic institutions which failed to meet the needs and aspirations of the people.
2. Soviet System had become weak and stagnant.
3. Soviet Communist party was not accountable to people.
4. Stifling administration and rampant corruption made the system unable to correct its mistakes.
5. Centralisation of power and authority.
6. Gorbachev played an important role during that time intiating its reforms and loosened the system which raise the expectations of the people.
7. Rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty within various republics.

or any other relevant reason. Any three to be examined in detail. (3 × 2 = 6)

Reasons :

1. India benefited from its relationship with Russia on issue like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on international terrorism.
2. Russia benefited as India was the second largest arms market for Russia.
3. After the disintegration of USSR India has continued to increase its energy imports from Russia.
4. Russia is important for India’s nuclear plants and space industry programs . For example cryogenic rocket.
5. India and Russia have treaties of friendship. Example “Indo Russian Strategic Agreement 2001”.

or any other relevant reason (Any three to be explained ) (3 × 2 = 6)

Reasons of conflicts in the Commonwealth of independent states (CIS) are

i) Violation of human rights:- In Russia, Chachnya and Dagestan have had violent secessionist movement. Moscow's method of dealing with Chechen rebels and indiscriminate military bombings have led to many human rights violations but failed to deter the aspirations for independence.

ii) Civil war:- In Central Asia, Tajakistan witnessed a civil war that went on for 10 years till 2001 due to many sectarian conflicts and in Georgia the demand for independence has come from two provinces , resulting in a civil war.

iii) Hydrocarbon resources:- Central Asia has become zone of competition between outside powers and Oil Companies due to vast hydrocarbon resources. For example China has interest here because of the oil resources, chinese have began to settle around the borders and conduct trade.

(Any other relevant reasons) (3 × 2 = 6)

Reasons for disintegration of the Soviet Union :

1. The Soviet system became very bureaucratic and authoritarian, making life very difficult for its citizens.
2. There was lack of democracy and absence of freedom of speech which stifled people who often expressed dissent in jokes and cartoons.
3. The one party system represented by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union had tight control over all institutions and was unaccountable to the people.
4. The party refused to recognise the urge of people in the 15 different republics that formed the Soviet Union to manage their own affairs including their cultural affairs.
5. Ordinary people were alienated by slow and stifling administration, rampant corruption, the inability of the system to correct mistakes it had made.
6. The party bureaucrats gained more privileges than ordinary citizens.
7. People did not identify with the system and with the rulers, and the government increasingly lost popular backing.

(Any four with explanation) (4 × 1½ = 6)

Indo-Russian relations are embedded in a history of trust and common interests:

• (i) Russia and India share a vision of a multipolar world order based on collective response, greater regionalism, negotiated settlements of international conflicts, an independent foreign policy for all countries, decision-making through bodies like the UN, etc.
• (ii) India stands to benefit from its relationship with Russia on issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on international terrorism.
• (iii) Since India is an oil-importing nation, Russia is very important to us.
• (iv) Russia has repeatedly come to the assistance of India.
• (v) Russia is important for India’s nuclear energy.

Or any other relevant point (Any three)

Effects of Shock Therapy :

• (i) Each of the affected countries was required to make a total shift to a capitalist economy.
• (ii) Private ownership was to be the dominant pattern of ownership of property.
• (iii) Privatisation of state assets and corporate ownership patterns were to be immediately brought in.
• (iv) Collective farms were to be replaced by private farming and capitalism in agriculture.
• (v) This transition ruled out any alternate or ‘third way’ other than the state–controlled socialism or capitalism.

Or any other relevant points ( any three)

Reasons for the disintegration of USSR

1. Internal weakness of the Soviet System (Political & economic) which failed to meet the aspirations of the people.
2. Most of the resources were used to maintain & develop military arsenal, nuclear weapons and space research – which lead to huge burden on the economy of USSR and the needs of the people got neglected.
3. Soviet system had become stagnant and non-accountable to people.
4. Rampant corruption inability to correct the mistakes and unwillingness to allow made the system unpopular.

(Any three to be explained) (or any other) 3×2=6

Reasons:-

1. Corruption
2. unemployment
3. Poverty
4. Autocratic dictatorship

Outcomes:

1. Demand for democracy spread in Arab countries.
2. The role of many dictatorship and rules Collapsed due to the movement ‘Arab –spring’

(to be explained) 4×1½=6

Happenings during Gorbachev’s period :

1. Mikhail Gorbachev, the then General Secretary of the Communist Party sought to reform the Soviet System. His decision to normalize relations with the West and democratise and reform the Soviet Union had some other effects that neither he nor anyone else intended or anticipated.
2. The people of the Soviet bloc started to protest against their own governments and Soviet control. The Soviet Union did not intervene and the communist regimes collapsed one after another.
3. The economic and political reforms initiated by Gorbachev were opposed by leaders within the Communist Party.
4. A coup took place in 1991 that was encouraged by Communist Party hardliners. The people had tasted freedom by then and did not want the old-style rule of the Communist Party.
5. Boris Yeltsin emerged as a national hero in opposing this coup. The Russian Republic, where Yeltsin won a popular election, began to shake off centralised control. Power began to shift from the Soviet centre to the republics.

(any three to be explained)

All these happenings accelerated the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

3×2=6

Consequences of disintegration of USSR.

1. End of the Cold War.
2. End of the ideological conflict between socialists and capitalist countries.
3. Power relations in world politics changed.
4. The emergence of new independent countries with their own independent aspirations and choices.
5. Coming up of unipolar world with dominance of U.S.
6. Erstwhile socialist countries turned to capitalism.
7. European Union strengthened itself.
8. Some Socialist nations got divided.
9. World Bank and IMF started helping the erstwhile republics who adopted democracy.

(any three to be explained) 3×2=6

Factors:-

1. Soviet system failed to meet the aspirations of the people.
2. Economic stagnation for many years.
3. The Soviet economy used much of its resources in maintaining a nuclear and military arsenal.
4. It had become stagnant in an administrative and political sense.
5. The rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty within various republics.
6. Nationalists’ urges and feelings were very much at work throughout the history of the Soviet Union.
7. Ethnic and religious differences within the Central Asian republics coupled with economic backwardness.

(Or any other relevant factor) (Any three) 3×2=6

Reasons:-

1. Reforms were necessary to keep the USSR abreast of the information and Technological revolutions taking place in the west.
2. Mikhail Gorvachev also felt the need to normalize relations with the US.
3. To reform the Soviet Union economy with the west, the administrative system also forced Gorbachev to initiate the reforms in the USSR.
4. Reforms were considered essential to liberate the rigid administrative system of the Soviet Union.
5. Gorvachev felt that the Soviet economy had become stagnant.
6. The Communist party was not accountable to the people, this further created resentment.
7. The people in the East European countries which were part of the Soviet bloc, started to protest against their own governments and Soviet control.

(Any three) 3×2=6

Reasons responsible for disintegration of USSR:

1. Internal weaknesses of Soviet political and economical institutions.
2. Economic stagnation for many years led to consumer shortage.
3. Soviet Union used much of its resources in maintaining nuclear and military arsenals.
4. Communist Party was not accountable to the people and corruption was rampant.
5. Ordinary people became more knowledgeable about the technology and economic advancement of the west.
6. The Soviet Union had become stagnant in administrative and political sense. The system was unwilling to allow openness.
7. Reforms introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev accelerated disintegration.

Any other relevant point (Explain any three) 3×2=6

Consequences of Shock Therapy:

1. Collapse of the state controlled large industrial complex.
2. 90% industries put up for sale at throw away prices.
3. Value of Ruble declined and inflation was high.
4. GDP of Russia declined.
5. Withdrawal of government subsidies pushed people into poverty.
6. Academic and intellectual manpower disintegrated or migrated.
7. Mafia emerged and started controlling economic activities.

Any other relevant point (Explain any three) 3×2=6

Adverse effects of the Reforms:

• i) The people in the East European countries which were part of the Soviet block started to protest against their own governments and Soviet control.
• ii) The communist regimes in the Soviet system collapsed one after another due to non- interference by the Soviet regime.
• iii) Crisis within the USSR deepened leading to quick Soviet disintegration .
• iv) These reforms were opposed even by the leaders within the communist party.

(Any three)

Consequences of disintegration:

• i) The cold war confrontations ended.
• ii) Power relations in world politics changed.
• iii) The end of the Soviet bloc meant the emergence of many new countries.
• iv) The international system saw many new players emerging, each with its new identity.

(Any three with explanation)

(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

(C) China opened its economy for privatisation step by step for the development of its economy.

(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

(C) China

(C) 12

(B) Sri Lanka

Note :- None of the options given above is correct. Hence, any candidate who attempts the question should be given 1 mark.

(D) Japan

(B) Friendship and Solidarity

(C) 11th

(C) Cooperative

(C) Myanmar

(A) 1-(iii), 2-(iv), 3-(i), 4-(ii)

(a) To distribute equal economic benefits among its member states.

(b) (iii), (iv), (i), (ii)

(d) Solidarity and harmony

(d) Vietnam

(b) Better health was not ensured.

The Economy of the EU can pose a threat to US economy because

(i) Its share of world trade which is much larger than that of the united states.

(ii) Economy of EU is becoming more assertive in trade disputes with the US and China .

(iii) Its economy has an influence over its closest neighbours as well as in Asia and Africa.

(iv) It also acts as an important bloc in International organisations such as WTO.

(any other relevant point) (any two)

Objectives :

1. To accelerate economic growth and through that achieve social progress and cultural development.
2. To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of United Nations.

or any other relevant point (Any two) (2x1=2)

1. The EU is the world’s second biggest economy.
2. Its currency Euro is strong and can pose a threat to the US dollar.
3. Its share of the world trade is much larger than that of the United States.
4. Its member, France holds a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.

or any other relevant point (any two) (2 × 1 = 2)

ASEAN way is a form of interaction that is informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative.

Objectives of ASEAN.

• (i) To accelerate economic growth and through that achieve social progress and cultural development.
• (ii) To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of UN charter.

(or any other relevant objective)

ASEAN way is a form of interaction that is

1. Informal
2. Non- Confrontational and
3. Cooperative

It respects the national sovereignty of member nations.

2×1=2

Full form of BRICS- Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.

Objectives-

1. The main objective of BRICS is primarily to co-operate and distribute mutual economic benefits among its members.
2. Non-interference in the internal policies of each nation and mutual equality.

• i) The European Union has started to act more as a nation state.
• ii) It has its own flag, anthem and currency.
• iii) It has some form of common foreign and security policy also.
• iv) The European Union has tried to expand the areas of co-operation.

(Any two)

Steps taken by the US–

1. America extended massive financial help for reviving Europe’s economy under the ‘Marshall Plan’ after 1945.
2. The US created a new collective security structure under NATO.

Or any other step

Vision 2020 of the ASEAN is an outward looking role for ASEAN in the international community. It is to encourage negotiation over conflicts in the region.

For Example: ASEAN has mediated the end of the Cambodian conflict, the East Timor crises and meets annually to discuss East Asian Cooperation.

Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.

(Any four)

France, Spain, Italy, Austria, Germany, UK, Sweden, Finland or any other.

(Any four)

Purpose of Marshall plan—

To extend massive financial help for reviving the economy of Europe that was shattered during the Second World War.

Reasons:-

1. Unemployment has risen in China.
2. Female employment and conditions for work were bad.
3. Environmental degradation and competition had increased.
4. Economic inequality between rural and urban residents had increased.

(Any two)

ASEAN way is a form of interaction that is informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative. Mutual respect for national sovereignty is critical to the functioning of ASEAN.

The European Union acts more as a Nation State as it has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency. The EU has some powers that are commonly/generally exercised by the governments of a country. (common foreign and security policy)

France, England, Germany, Belgium, Austria, Italy, Sweden, Poland or any other member country.

(If a candidate writes U.K. or England, it should be considered correct)

(Any four)

The objective of ASEAN is not restricted only to accelerate economic growth but also

1. To attain social progress and cultural development.
2. To uphold peace, neutrality, cooperation, non-interference, respect for national differences etc.
3. To promote regional peace and stability based on rule of law.
4. To promote the principles of the United Nations Charter.

(Any Two)

(i) ‘ASEAN WAY’ is a form of interaction that is informal non- confrontationist and cooperative.

(ii) Through ‘ASEAN WAY’ countries are resolving their conflicts through negotiations. ‘ASEAN WAY’ has mediated the end of Cambodian conflict and the East Timor crises.

(iii) ASEAN nations are trying to foster peace, co-operation and economic growth by using ‘ASEAN WAY’. ASEAN Regional Forum was established in 1994 to increase coordination of security and foreign policy.

(any two example with meaning)

(i) The ASEAN security community was based on the conviction that outstanding territorial disputes should not escalate into armed confrontation.

(ii) By 2003, ASEAN had several agreements in place by which member states promised to uphold peace, neutrality, co-operation, non – interference and respect for national differences and sovereign rights.

(iii) The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was established in 1994 which carries out coordination of security and foreign policy.

(iv) It resulted in growing much faster economy than any other regional organisations as compared to the US, The EU and Japan.

(v) ASEAN has focused on creating a Free Trade Area (FTA) for investment, labour and services. The US and China have already moved fast and negotiate FTAs with ASEAN.

(any two)

(i) Japan, South Korea ,Taiwan ,China, Mongolia (Any two)

(ii) Dr. Manmohan Singh

(iii) After Independence India followed the policy of NAM to be away from the two blocs. But with the end of USSR in 1991, India had to redefine its relations with other nations. In this direction, India also tried to make strong relations with east Asian nations. This was known as ‘Look East /Act East Policy’. So this sentence reflects that India has to improve its relations forever with these countries. To bear the heat of competitions.

(i) Sweden and Denmark (any one)

(ii) Poland, Hungry (or any other)

(iii) ARF was established for the

(a) Coordination of security

(b) Foreign policy among member states.

Relations between India and China since independence –

China is the neighbouring country and as per India’s foreign policy – the relations should have been friendly but are not in actual. Beginning was on good note as both had signed Panchsheel – but with the passage of time, the actions of the Chinese Government strained the relations.

• Political asylum to Dalai Lama in 1959.
• India was attacked by China in 1962 on pretext of Boundary dispute.
• China supports Pakistan against India
• China also encourages the neighbouring countries to create disputes with India.

On analysing the above stated realties the relation between India and China become strained since 1950.

( any other relevant point)

1. China (1)
2. Aggression and the speed of economic development of China (1)
3. The Chinese economy and its military aggression is difficult to be controlled by any other power. It is becoming very strong economy at a faster pace. It is also aggressive in political field. It has become a challenge for other to accept. (2)

26.1 Japan

26.2 South Korea

26.3 Mao

26.4 France

Basis :

1. China is considered as the driver of East Asian growth.
2. China is considered to be very powerful because of the factors such as population, landmass, resources, regional location.
3. China announced ‘Open Door’ policy in 1978 which aimed at generation of high productivity by investments in capital and technology from abroad.
4. Privatisation of agriculture and industry helped the rapid growth of economy.
5. Foreign trade grew with the creation of SEZs and new trading laws which resulted in high foreign exchange reserves. In this way, China became most significant for FDI.
6. Because of the above written factors China is expected to overtake the US America to become the world’s largest economy.

(To be analysed as a whole) (4)

Reasons :

1. Unemployment has risen in China with nearly 100 million people looking for jobs.
2. Female employment and conditions of work are as bad as in Europe of the 18th and 19th centuries.
3. Environmental degradation has increased.
4. Corruption in most of the administrative units has increased.
5. A rise in economic inequality between rural and urban residents and coastal and inland provinces.

(any two reasons to be analysed) (4)

(i) (A) China is the largest user of cycles in the world.

(ii) (A) The influence of the US economy on China

(iii) (C) Socialist

(iv) (B) China has established trade relations with US.

26.1 India, Nepal or any other

26.2 Deng Xiaoping

26.3 1998

26.4 Dragon, Wall of China, Cycle (Any one)

(4 × 1 = 4)

(i) (A) China is the largest user of cycles in the world.

(ii) (A) The influence of the US economy on China

(iii) (C) Socialist

(iv) (B) China has established trade relations with US

(1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4)

(26.1) Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines (Any one)

(26.2) 1992

(26.3) China

(26.4) Japan

(1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4)

Various economic policies adopted by China are:-

• After the inception of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, following the communist revolution under the leadership of Mao, its economy was based on Soviet Model.
• The Chinese leadership took major policy decisions in the 1970s because its industrial production was not growing fast enough, international trade was minimal and per capita income was very low.
• China ended its political and economic isolation with the establishment of relations with the United States in 1972.
• Premier Zhou Enlai proposed the four modernisations (agricultural, industry, science and technology and military) in 1973.
• In 1978, the then leader Deng Xiaoping announced the ‘Open Door’ policy and economic reforms in China.
• In 1982, the privatisation of agriculture was done.
• In 1998, the privatisation of industry was done.
• Trade barriers were eliminated to establish Special Economic Zones (SEZs) where foreign investors could set up enterprises.
• In China, the state played and continues to play a central role in setting up a market economy.

(Any four points)

Reasons behind South Korea emerging as an economic power in Asia :

1. South Korea became a member of the OECD in 1996.
2. In 2017, its economy was the 11th largest in the world and its military expenditure was the 10th largest.
3. According to the HDI Report 2016, rank of South Korea is 18th. The major factors responsible for its high human development include “Successful land reforms, rural development, extensive human resources development and rapid equitable economic growth.”
4. Export orientation, strong redistribution policies, public infrastructure development, effective institutions and governance are some other reasons for making South Korea as ‘Miracle on Han river.’

(any two) (2 × 2 = 4)

(i) Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party as visualised by Mao.

(ii) Mao was the leader of communist revolution and the chief of the party.

(iii) Economic policy changed and capitalism was accepted as per need. Open door policy was adopted to invite the FDI.

(1 + 1 + 2 = 4)

26.1 1949

26.2 Mao

26.3 Premier Zhou Enlai

26.4 1982

(4 × 1 = 4)

Economic importance of the European Union :

• (i) The European Union is the world’s second largest economy, next to that of the U.S.A.
• (ii) Its share of world trade is much larger than that of the United States.
• (iii) Its economic power gives it influence over its closest neighbours as well as in Asia and Africa.
• (iv) It also functions as an important bloc in international economic organisations such as WTO etc.

Or any other relevant point (Any Two)

• (i) The European Union is considered as superanational organization because it has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency.
• (ii) It also has some form of a common forum and security policy in its dealing with other nation.
• (iii) As a superanational organization, the European Union is able to the intervene in economic, political and social areas. But in many areas, its members have their own foreign relations and defence policies that are often at odds with each other.
• (iv) Britain’s Prime Minister, Tony Blair was America’s partner in the Iraq invasion.
• (v) Similarly many of the European Union’s newer members made up the US led ‘coalition of the willing’ whereas Germany and France opposed the American policy.

(Any Two)

Measures to improve Indo-China relations -

• (i) Negotiations should be encouraged to resolve the border disputes.
• (ii) Regular meetings of different personnel should be held to maintain peace at the Actual Line of Control (ALC).
• (iii) Mutual trade should be encouraged.
• (iv) Confidence building measures should be adopted as far as possible.

(Or any other relevant point) (Any Two)

(i) Mao (1)

(ii) Shift from closed economy to open economy (1)

(iii)

• China ended its political and economic isolation and established relations with the US in 1972.
• Premier Zhou Enlai proposed the four modernisations – agriculture, Industry, Science and Technology and Military in 1973.
• Deng Xiaoping announced open door policy and economic reforms in China.
• Sez’s were established.

Or any other relevant change (any two changes) (2)

26.1 1982 (1)

26.2 Mao (1)

26.3 (2)

• Its economic integration with its neighbouring countries is responsible for the growth of Chinese economy.
• The strength of China’s economy, together with other factors such as population, land mass, resources and political influences etc. are responsible for its economic growth.

Or any other relevant point

(i) (d) China

(ii) (b) Communism

(iii) (c) Coordination of Communism with Capitalism

(iv) (b) Rigidity has decreased ‘now’ in the ideology of ‘then’

4×1=4

26.1 (b) Socialism

26.2 (d) Privatisation of agriculture was done

26.3 (a) It is a Republic

26.4 (d) Rising Sun

4×1=4

(i) (b) European Union

(ii) (c) Failure to draft a common constitution

(iii) (b) Unity of the organisation

(iv) (c) 1992

4×1=4

(i) (b) Organisation for European Economic Cooperation

(ii) (c) Denmark, Sweden

(iii) (c) 1978

(iv) (a) Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand

4×1=4

Objectives of ASEAN—

1. It is a form of interaction between the members that is informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative.
2. The respect for National Sovereignty of member states.
3. It is for encouraging negotiation over conflicts in the region.
4. To accelerate economic growth
5. To promote regional peace and stability.

(Any two)

Decisions made—

1. Establishment of relations with the US in 1972.
2. By 1973, four modernisations (agriculture, industry, science and technology and military) was done.
3. By 1978, it announced ‘Open Door Policy’ and economic reforms in China.
4. In 1982, privatisation of agriculture was done.
5. In 1998, privatisation of industries was done.
6. Trade barriers were eliminated in special Economic zone. (SEZ)

(Any two with elaboration)

Factors –

(i) Japan is advanced country in making high – technological products.

(ii) Japan joined Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1964 for growth.

(iii) In 2017, it became the third largest economy in the world.

(iv) It is the second largest contributor to the regular budget of the UN.

(v) It is the only Asian member of G7.

(vi) It is the 11th most populous nation in the world.

(vii) Military expenditure is the seventh largest in the world.

(or any other relevant point) ( any four points)

(i) Establishment of relations with the US in 1972 to end its economic isolation.

(ii) Premier Zhou Enlai presented the proposal of four modernisations.

(iii) Announcement of ‘open door policy’ and economic reforms in China by Deng Xiaoping.

(iv) New Trading Laws and establishment of special Economic Zones (SEZs).

(v) China opened its economy step by step. The privatization of agriculture in 1982 was followed by the privatization of industries in 1998.

(vi) China invited FDI for development.

(vii) It has large Foreign Exchange Reserves that allow it to make big investments in other countries.

(viii) Accession to the WTO in 2001 has been a further step in its opening to the outside world.

(or any other policies) ( any four)

Reasons :

• Ending its economic isolation with the establishment of relations with US in 1972
• By adopting open door policy is 1978.
• Privatization of Agriculture in 1982
• Privatisation of industries in 1998.
• Establishment of SEZs. (Special Economic Zones)
• FDI was allowed.

(Any four to be analyzed)

The EU has Economic, Political, Diplomatic and military influences.

Economical Influences

• The EU is the world’s second biggest economy with a GDP of more than 17 Trillion US Dollars in 2016.
• Its currency the Euro, can pose a threat to the dominance of US dollar.

Political Influences

• One member i.e France holds a permanent seat in UNSC.
• EU includes several non permanent members in UNSC.

Diplomatic Influence

• EU is able to influence some US policies such as the current US position on Iran’s Nuclear programme.
• EU uses diplomacy , economic investment , negotiations rather than the coercion & military forces as in the case of its dialogue with China on Human Right.

Military Influence

• The EU combined forces are the second largest in the world.
• The total spending on defence is second after US
• One member I.e France has Nuclear arsenal.

(Any four)

Contentious issues :

1. China annexed Tibet in 1950
2. China’s close relation with Pakistan
3. Tibetan spiritual leader sought and obtained political asylum in India.
4. Boundary disputes between India and China which led to a war in 1962.
5. China occupied Aksai-Chin area of Ladkh and NEFA area in 1962.

or any other relevant issue (any two issues) (2x1½=3)

Measures :

1. Resolve the border issues through negotiation.
2. Bilateral talks between the diplomats of both the countries.
3. Increase in transportation and communication links to establish a more positive and sound relationship between the people of two countries.
4. Increase in trade and economic collaboration.

or any other relevant issues, measure (any two measures) (2x1½=3)

Three pillars of ASEAN :

1. ASEAN Security Community – It was based on the conviction that outstanding territorial disputes should not escalate into armed confrontation. ARF is the organisation that carries out coordination of security and foreign policy.
2. ASEAN Economic Community – It objectives are to create a common market and production base within ASEAN states and to aid social and economic development in the region.
3. ASEAN Socio-Cultural community.

(Three pillars to be explained briefly) (3x2=6)

1. The EU has economic, political diplomatic and military influence.
2. The EU is the second biggest economy in the world.
3. Its currency Euro can pose a threat to US dollar.
4. EU is world’s second most important source of space and communication technology.
5. Militarily, the EU’s combined armed forces are the second largest in the world.

or any other relevant point (Any three points to be explained) (3 × 2 = 6)

Reasons for the growth of Chinese economy :

1. China changed its policy of isolation and established relations with US in 1972.
2. Premier Zhou Enlai introduced four modernisations- Agriculture, Science and Technology, Industry and Military .
3. Deng Xiaoping announced the open door policy.
4. Privatisation of Agriculture was done in 1982 and privatisation of industries was done in 1998.

These changes accelerated the growth of Chinese economy.

(Any three points to be explained) (3 × 2 = 6)

Factors-

• (i) The EU has evolved over time from an economic union to an increasingly political one.
• (ii) The EU has a common flag, anthem, founding date and currency which shows its solidarity and unity. It also has some form of a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations.
• (iii) The EU is the world’s second biggest economy with a GDP of more than $17 trillion in 2016, next to that of the USA.
• (iv) It functions as an important bloc in the WTO.
• (v) One of its members (France) is the permanent member of the UN Security Council.
• (vi) Its currency, the Euro, can pose a threat to the dominance of the US dollar.
• (vii) The combined armed forces of the EU are the second largest in the world. Its total spending on defense is second after the US.
• (viii) It also works as a supranational organization, the EU is able to intervene in economic, political and social areas.

(Or any other relevant point) (Any Four)

(4x1½=6)

• ASEAN has little desire for supranational structures like the EU.
• ASEAN celebrates its way of working known as the ‘ASEAN way’ which is a form of interaction that is informal, non-confrontational and cooperative.
• ASEAN has broadened its objectives beyond the economic and social spheres.
• It respects the sovereignty of member countries.
• It has focussed on creating a Free Trade Area for investment, labor and service.
• ASEAN is the only regional association in Asia that provides a political Forum where Asian countries and the major powers can discuss political and security concerns.

(Or any other relevant point) (Evaluate as a whole)

Factors that make the European Union an influential regional organisation:

1. The European Union (EU) has economic, political, diplomatic and military influence.
2. The EU is the world’s second biggest economy.
3. It’s currency EURO poses a threat to the dominance of the US dollar.
4. Its share of World Trade is larger than the United States, making it more assertive in trade disputes with US and China.
5. It functions as an important block in international economic organisations- World Trade Organisation (WTO).
6. France, a member of EU holds a permanent seat in UN Security Council.
7. EU’s combined armed forces as well as a defence expenditure is second largest in the world.
8. France, is a nuclear power state.
9. EU is the world’s second most important source of space and communication technology.

(or any other relevant point) (any four points) (4x1½=6)

Objectives of establishing regional organisations:

1. Evolving regional solutions to their historical enmities and weakness.
2. Developing alternative institutions and conventions that build a more peaceful and cooperative regional order.
3. Transform the countries of a region into prosperous economics.
4. Promote political corporation and economic integration among member states within a geographical proximity.

(or any other relevant point) (any four points) (4x1½=6)

Reasons:

1. Unemployment had risen in China with nearly 100 million people looking for jobs.
2. Female employment and conditions of work were bad.
3. Environment degradation had increased.
4. Corruption had increased.
5. Economic inequality between rural and urban residents rose.
6. Rise in economic inequality between coastal and inland provinces.

Or any other relevant reason.

(any three to be explained) (3x2=6)

• America extended massive financial help for reviving Europe economy under the Marshal Plan.
• In 1948 OEEC was established to extend cooperation on trade and economic issues among the western European states. In 1949 Council of Europe was established for political cooperation.
• The process of economic integration of European capitalist countries led to the formation of European Economic Community in 1957. This acquired a political dimension with the creation of the European Parliament. In 1992 EU was formed.
• It also laid stress on a common foreign and security policy, co-operation on justice and home affairs and the creation of a common currency.
• It started to act more as a nation state.
• While the attempts to have a Constitution for the EU have failed still it has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency.
• It also has some form of a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations.
• It shows that European Union evolved over time from an economic union to an increasingly political one.

(to be assessed as a whole) (6)

The process of evolution of European Union from an economic union to an increasingly political and military bloc started with the creation of the European Parliament.

1. EU has adopted a common own flag, anthem, founding date and currency Euro.
2. EU also has some form of a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations.
3. EU has tried to expand areas of cooperation while acquiring new members, especially from the erstwhile Soviet bloc.

(Assess as a whole) (6)

Three objectives of ASEAN-

1. To accelerate economic growth through ‘social progress and cultural development’.
2. To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of the United Nations Charter.
3. ASEAN countries follow an interaction that came to be known as the ‘ASEAN WAY’. It is informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative.
4. To have respect for national sovereignty of the member countries.

Or any other relevant point

(Any Three) (3x2=6)

Strength of the European Union

1. European Union is the world largest economy today.
2. Euro as a currency of European Union can pose a threat to US dollar. The GDP of EU is much larger than that of the US.
3. Militarily, the EU’s combined armed forces are the second largest in the world. It has two member states which are nuclear powers.
4. Politically too, EU is extremely influential. Previously two of its members UK and France (and now France only) are permanent members of the UNSC.

or any other relevant point (any three) 3×2=6

The steps taken by Chinese leadership

1. Open Door Policy :- It was announced in 1978 by Deng Yiaoping to generate higher productivity by investments of capital and technology from abroad.
2. Market Economy:- China introduced its own market economy by the privatization of agriculture and industry in 1982 and 1988.
3. Special Economic Zones - To remove the trade barriers and to open the economy for foreign investors China set Special Economy Zones.
4. Accession to WTO: - China plans to deepen its integeration into the world economy and shape the future world economic order by its accession to WTO in 2001.

Or any other relevant step (any three to be explained) 3×2=6

Role of ASEAN:

• ASEAN aims at economic growth of the region.
• It also work for social progress and cultural development.
• It works for regional peace and stability based on the principle of United Nations.
• ASEAN way is a big contribution which is a form of interaction between Nations. It is informal non confrontational and cooperative.
• It has established three pillars for ASEAN community comprising
  • ASEAN Security Community
  • ASEAN Economic Community
  • ASEAN Socio - Cultural Community
• It works for resolving all territorial disputes without armed Confrontation.

Any other relevant point (Evaluate as a whole) 6

Arguments

1. Unemployment has risen in China with nearly 100 million people looking for jobs.
2. Female employment and conditions of work are as bad as in Europe of the 18th and 19th centuries.
3. Environment Degradation has increased.
4. Corruption has increased.
5. Rise in economic inequality between rural and urban resident.
6. Rise in economic inequality between coastal and inland provinces.

any other factors (Any three) 3×2=6

Evolution of EU from economic union to a political one:

• i) European integration after 1945 aided by the Cold War. America extended financial help under the 'martial plan'
• ii) It became a forum for Western European States to cooperate on trade and economic issues. Organisations like OEEC, Council of Europe, European economic community, European parliament and finally European Union came up.
• iii) It also laid foundation for a common foreign and security policy, corporation on justice and home affairs and creation of common currency.
• iv) It has also started to act more as a nation state. EU has it's own flag, anthem, founding date and currency. It also has some form of a common foreign and security policy.
• v) The EU has economic, political and democratic and military influence.

(or any other relevant points ) ( any three points)

India as new centre of power:

• i) 21st Century India is being seen as an important emerging global power. The economic,cultural, strategic position of the country with a population of more than 135 crores, is very strong.
• ii) From an economic perspective, targeting the goal of a 5 trillion economy and a competitive huge market, help India to be a centre of power.
• iii) An ancient inclusive culture with 200 million people of Indian Diaspora spreading across the globe impart distinct meaning and salience to India as a new centre of power.
• iv) The military of India is self sufficient, with indigenous nuclear technology another nuclear power.
• v) 'Make in India' scheme in technology and science is another milestone of Indian economy.

(any other relevant point ) ( any three points)

Steps taken by China–

1. Established relations with the US in 1972
2. Proposed four areas of modernisation as agriculture, industry, army and science -technology in 1973.
3. In 1978 – announced the ‘open door’ policy
4. In 1982 – Privatisation of Agriculture was done
5. In 1998 – Privatisation of Industries was done
6. Trade Barriers were eliminated
7. Special Economic Zones were set up.

(Any four)

1. EU was the world’s biggest economy.
2. Its share of world trade was three times larger than that of the US.
3. Two of its countries are permanent members of UN Security Council. (Even if a candidate write ‘one’ in place of ‘two’, it may be considered right).
4. The EU’s combined armed forces are the second largest in the world.
5. Its currency can pose a threat to US Dollar.

Or Any other factor (Any four)

Steps taken by China—

1. Adopted open door policy
2. Zhou-EnLai’s four modernizations – Agriculture, Industry, Science & Technology, Military
3. Privatisation of Industries
4. Privatisation of Agriculture
5. Ended political & economic isolation with other countries.
6. Trade barrier were eliminated.
7. Creation of special economic zones
8. Accession to WTO

(Any three points to be explained briefly)

Strengths of EU—

1. Two of its members are permanent members of UN Security Council.
2. Its GDP is more than $12 trillion in 2005.
3. Its share of World Trade is three times larger than that of US.
4. It has second largest armed force in the World.
5. The Euro can pose a threat to the dominance of the US Dollar.
6. The economic power of European Union gives its influence over its closest neighbours and Asia an Africa.

Or any other relevant point (Any three)

(Credit should also be given if the students write only France as a permanent member of UN Security Council after UK left the EU)

Factors responsible for EU to be a highly influential regional organization:-

1. EU is the world’s biggest economy.
2. Its currency Euro can pose threat to the dominance of the US Dollar.
3. Its economic power gives it influence over its closest neighbors’ as well as in Asia and Africa.
4. Its share of world trade is three times larger that of the US.
5. Its two members (now one) hold permanent seat in the UNSC and there are many other non-permanent members also.
6. The EU’s combined armed forces are the second largest in the world.
7. Its total spending on defence is second after the US.

(Any three with explanation) 3×2=6

ASEAN as an economic association-

• Its economy is growing much faster than that of the US, EU and Japan.
• This accounts for the growth in its influence both in the region and beyond.
• ASEAN is trying to create a common market and production base within the ASEAN states.
• A mechanism is being evolved to settle and resolve the economic disputes.
• ASEAN has focused on creating FTA for investment, labour and services.
• The current economic strength of ASEAN is being trading and investment partner to the growing Asian economies such as India and China, Singapore and Thailand.

1. ASEAN was established primarily for accelerating the economic growth through ‘social progress and cultural development,’ It still remains principally an economic community.
2. Though the ASEAN region as a whole is a much smaller economy compared to the US, the EU, and Japan, however, its economy is growing much faster than all these. This accounts for the growth in its influence both in the region and beyond.
3. The objectives of the ASEAN are to create a common market and production base within ASEAN states. ASEAN as an economic community also committed to improving the existing ASEAN.
4. ASEAN has focused on creating a Free Trade Area (FTA) for investment, labour and services. The US and China have already negotiated FTA with ASEAN.
5. The current economic strength of ASEAN particularly its economic relevance as a trading and investment partner to the growing Asian economies such as India and China makes this an attractive proposition. India signed FTA with two ASEAN members, Singapore and Thailand, and trying to sign an FTA with ASEAN itself.
6. ASEAN’s strength, however, lies in its policies of interaction and consultation with member states, with dialogue partners and with non-regional organizations.

Years after defeat in the Second World War, Japan emerged as a developed Asian nation despite its scarce natural resources.

1. Today, it is the third largest economy in the world and is the only Asian member of G-7.
2. It is the second largest contributor to the UN budget, contributing almost 10% of the total budget. It has a security alliance with the US since 1951. A per Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, to renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes.
3. Although Japan’s military expenditure is only 1% of its GDP, it is the seventh largest in the world.
4. Japanese brands such as Sony, Panasonic, Suzuki, Toyota have a reputation for making high-technology products.
5. Japan became a member of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 1964.
6. It is the eleventh most populous nation in the world.

If it develops strategic relations with the other powerful Asian nations, Japan may become an alternative centre of power in the world.

(Or Any other relevant point/s)

Regional organisations like the European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) play an effective role by providing platforms for member states to economic growth, foster stability, and enhance their collective influence on the global stage.

i) Economic Integration and Growth

Both the EU and ASEAN are highly effective in removing trade barriers and creating larger markets that boost economic prosperity for their members.

• European Union (EU): The EU created a single market where goods, services, capital, and people move freely. The introduction of the Euro currency further simplified trade and investment and making the EU a dominant global economic power.
• ASEAN: ASEAN is working towards an ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), which aims to create a single market and production base. This integration has increased intra-regional trade and attracted foreign direct investment to Southeast Asia.

ii) Maintaining Regional Peace and Stability

Regional organisations provide crucial mechanisms for dialogue, cooperation, and conflict resolution.

• European Union (EU): The EU coordinates common foreign and security policies to address external threats collectively.
• ASEAN: The organisation is known for the "ASEAN Way," a form of interaction that is informal, non- confrontationist and cooperative allowing members to focus on economic development rather than security threats from neighbours. The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) also provides a unique platform for major global powers to discuss security issues related to Asia.

iii) Collective Influence

• European Union (EU): The EU often speaks on critical global issues, such as climate change agreements, trade negotiations with powers like China or the US, and upholding specific international norms
• ASEAN: ASEAN has effectively managed relations with major powers—including the US, China, and India—through diplomatic platforms. ASEAN countries can negotiate trade deals or address geopolitical tensions with major powers on a more level playing field.
• Both EU and ASEAN coordinates many contemporary problems such as climate change, pandemics, and disaster management.

(Assess the answer as a whole or other relevant point)

After the inception of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, following the communist revolution under the leadership of Mao, its economy was based on Soviet Model.

1. The Chinese leadership took major policy decisions in the 1970s because its industrial production was not growing fast enough, international trade was minimal and per capita income was very low.
2. China ended its political and economic isolation with the establishment of relations with the United States in 1972.
3. Premier Zhou Enlai proposed the four modernisations (agricultural, industry, science and technology and military) in 1973.
4. In 1978, the then leader Deng Xiaoping announced the ‘Open Door’ policy and economic reforms in China.
5. The government carried out the privatization of agriculture in 1982 and industry in 1998, which drastically boosted productivity.
6. Trade barriers were eliminated to establish Special Economic Zones (SEZs) where foreign investors could set up their own enterprises, providing a major impetus to export-led growth.

In China, the state played and continues to play a central role in setting up a market economy and become a leading global power.

(Assess the answer as a whole or other relevant point)

(B) China

(D) 2005

(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).

(C) 1-(iii), 2-(i), 3-(iv), 4-(ii)

(A) (ii), (i), (iii), (iv)

(B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

(C) India and Pakistan both became nuclear power

(B) China

(A) (iv), (i), (ii), (iii)

(D) Regional

(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false

(C) LTTE was supported by the SAARC countries.

(C) a-(ii) b-(i) c-(iv) d-(iii)

(D) Sri Lanka

(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

(b) India

(d) Sri Lanka

(d) Nepal always follows the policies of India.

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and R is the correct explanation of (A)

(c) China

(C) Statement-I is true, but Statement-II is false.

(D) Bangladesh –continuous democracy since its independence in 1971.

The mighty Himalayas in the north and the vast Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal in the South, West and east respectively provide a natural insularity to the region, which is largely responsible for the linguistic, Social and cultural distinctiveness of the Sub-continent. Due to this numerous languages, festivals and Social rituals are followed in South Asia that make it distinct.

(assess as a whole)

(i) China’s strategic partnership with Pakistan is an irritant for India.

(ii) Economic ties between Asian countries have multiplied.

(iii) After cold war American interference in South Asian countries has increased.

(iv) US works as a moderator in Indo-Pak relations.

(v) Sino-Indian relations have improved in the last 10 years.

(or any other relevant point) (any two points)

South Asia :- India, Nepal, Maldives, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar.

(Any four)

Reasons for Ethnic Conflict –

1. Dominance of majority Sinhala Community in the politics of Srilanka.
2. Policies of the government are pro Sinhalas.
3. Tamils living in Srilanka felt neglected and asked for a separate Tamil Ellam.
4. Srilankan Tamils raised their voice and a militant group LTTE fought against the Srilankan Army.

(Any other) (Any two)

General Ayub Khan, General Yahya Khan, General Zia-ul-Haq, General Parvez Musharraf. (4 × ½ = 2)

Democracy in Sri Lanka favours one particular community which is in majority – but in India there is no discrimination. Every citizen has the same fundamental rights.

Democracy in Sri Lanka favours Sinhalese- a major community.

or any other relevant point

1. Two nations may agreed to undertake confidence building measures to reduce risk of war.
2. Social activists and prominent personalities may collaborate to create an atmosphere of friendship among the people of both countries.
3. Taking inspiration from “ASEAN WAY” both the countries may resolve their conflicts.
4. Efforts may be intiated to promote trade between the two countries.
5. Cultural programmes and agreements may be promoted to build peace.
6. Sports/ Games between the two countries may be organised to build peace.

(or any other relevant point) (Any two) (2 × 1 = 2)

Factors responsible for Pakistan’s failure:

• (i) The social dominance of military, clergy and land owning aristocracy.
• (ii) Pakistan’s conflict with India has made the promilitary groups more powerful.
• (iii) The lack of genuine international support for democratic rule in Pakistan has further encouraged the dominance of military.

Or any other relevant point ( any two)

Features of the Constitution of Bangladesh

• (i) Secularism
• (ii) Democracy
• (iii) Socialism

(any two)

Awami league won all the seats in the 1970 elections in East Pakistan. It’s leadership was of Sheikh Mujib-ur Rahman.

(1+1=2)

Two features of the constitutions of Bangladesh

• (i) Secular, Democratic, Socialist
• (ii) Parliamentary form of Government.
• (iii) Sovereign Republic

(Any two)

People of Eastern Pakistan resented the denomination of Western Pakistan because

1. The imposition of Urdu,
2. Unfair treatment meted out to Bengali culture and language.
3. Unfair representation in administration and power sharing.

(Any two) (2x1=2)

Reasons:-

1. Domination of West Pakistan on East Pakistan and imposition of Urdu language on East Pakistan.
2. Unfair treatment meted out to the Bengali culture and language
3. Unfair representation of East Pakistan in administration and political power.
4. The domination of West Pakistan led to the popular struggle by Mujib-ur-Rahman in East Pakistan against this unfair treatment.

(or any other relevant reason) (any two) (2x1=2)

Nepal and India enjoy a very special relationship. A treaty between the two countries allows the citizens of the two countries to travel to and work in the other country without visas and passports.

Or any other relevant point (any one)

Measures to improve relations between India and Pakistan:

• To undertake confidence building measures to reduce the risk of war.
• To create an atmosphere of friendship among the people of both countries by enhancing of social interaction and cultural exchange programs.
• Reciprocal visit of important leader’s, cultural activities, sports events.
• To promote trade between the two countries.

any other relevant point (Any two) 2×1=2

Methods of improving relations between India and Pakistan:-

• The two countries should undertake confidence building measures to reduce the risk of war.
• Social activists and intellectuals should make efforts to create harmonious relations among people.
• Regular summits where leaders of the two countries should meet to find solutions to various issues.
• Transportation between two countries be improved.
• Increase in trade between the two parts of Punjab
• Visa policy ; medical tourism, etc. should be encouraged.

(Any 2 of the above)(or any other relevant point)

The following points justify the statement:

• i) People in all countries of South Asia share the aspirations of democracy.
• ii) Various surveys in South Asian countries show that there is widespread support for democracy in South Asian countries.
• iii) People of South Asian countries believe that the democracy is the best form of Government that suits their country
• iv) Citizens view the idea of democracy positively and support the institutions of representative democracy.
• v) Earlier, it was believed that the democracy could flourish and find support only in prosperous countries of the world.
• vi) But now the experience of South Asia has been expanded the global immigration of democracy.

(Assess as a whole) ( any relevant point) ( Any 2 points)

After Pakistan framed its first Constitution, General Ayub Khan took over the administration of the country and got himself elected. He gave up the office when popular dissatisfaction against his rule rose.

But again General Yahya Khan took over and put Pakistan under Military rule.

Examples of Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 and General Pervez Musharraf may also be given.

(Any two)

1. Politics in Sri Lanka is dominated by forces that represent the interests of the majority Sinhala community.
2. They were hostile to Tamils who are in minority.
3. The Sinhala nationalists thought that Sri Lanka should not give concessions to the Tamils because Sri Lanka belongs to Sinhalas only.

(Any other valid reason)

(Any two)

South Asia:

India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Maldives and Afghanistan

(Any four)

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal.

(Any four)

1. Issue of Kashmir
2. Terrorism
3. Sharing of River water
4. Control over Siachen Glacier
5. Arms race between the two states.
6. Demarcation line in Sir Creek in the Rann of Kutch.

(Any two)

South Asia is one geo-political space but -

• It includes a wide variety of ethnic groups and cultures.
• Different countries of South Asia have their own distinct languages, dress codes and social behaviour.
• Different countries have different political systems.

(Any Two)

India- Maldives relations:-

1. In November 1988, Tamil mercenaries from Sri Lanka attacked on Maldives. Indian Air Force and Navy reacted quickly to the Maldives’s request to stop the invasion.
2. India has also contributed towards the Island’s economic development, tourism and fisheries.

(Any other feature) 2×1=2

1. The Maldives, an island nation was a sultanate till 1968. It was transformed into a republic with a presidential form of government.
2. In June 2005 the Parliament of Maldives voted unanimously for multiparty system. MDP dominates the political affairs of the island. Democracy strengthened in the Maldives after the 2005 elections when some opposition parties were legalized.

(Both the points)

(i) (C) Afghanistan

(ii) (A) United State of America

(iii) (D) To co-operate member states for economic growth, Social progress and cultural development through multilateral means.

(iv) (A) To establish a common currency for SAARC nations.

Areas of Co-operation -

(i) In areas like water management, Indus waters treaty was signed between the two countries.

(ii) 2019 agreement to establish a corridor for pilgrims.

(iii) Initiation of bus and railway services during the end of 20th century.

(iv) During Covid-19 pandemic India extended its support to Pakistan.

(v) Agreed to undertake confidence building measures.

(vi) Social activists and prominent personalities have collaborated to improve relations.

(viii) Leaders met at various summits.

Reasons for Conflicts –

(i) Kashmir issue

(ii) Control over Siachen Glacier

(iii) Border disputes

(iv) Issue of Terrorism

(v) Various wars

(vi) Control over Sir Creek

(vii) Mutual suspicion

(viii) Arms race

(ix) Dispute over water sharing

(or any other relevant point) (Any two for each part)

Areas of Co-operation-

(i) The citizens of the two countries can travel to work in the other country without Visas and Passports.

(ii) Both the countries work together on the issues of trade, scientific co-operation, common natural resources etc.

(iii) Both countries have Hindu dominated population and share common culture.

Reasons for Conflicts-

(i) India has expressed displeasure at the interference of China in Nepal.

(ii) Indian security agencies see the Maoist movement in Nepal as a growing security threat.

(iii) Trade related disputes.

(iv) Government of Nepal thinks that Indian government interferes in the internal affairs of Nepal and has designs on its river waters and hydroelectricity.

(v) Nepal, a landlocked country, feels that India prevents its access to sea through Indian territory.

(or any other relevant point) (any two points for each)

Reasons for ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka.

(i) Politics in Sri Lanka is dominated by forces that represent the interests of the majority Sinhala community.

(ii) This policy annoyed the Srilankan Tamils and both communities oppose the interest of each other.

(iii) Srilankan Tamils formed a militant group LTTE which fought against the Sri Lankan army for their own interests.

(iv) It led to a divide and Srilankan Tamils had a demand for separate Tamil Elam.

(or any other relevant point) ( any two)

Impact on India –

(i) Tamilians in Tamil Nadu were also agitated and wanted the Indian Government to intervene.

(ii) Indian Govt sent an Indian Peace Keeping Force to Sri Lanka which make Sri Lankan Tamil annoyed against India and got directly involved.

(iii) The impact of IPKF was negative on the Tamil people and the assassination of the Rajiv Gandhi relates to this decision.

(or any other relevant point) ( any two)

(i) Both have places of common interest and Hindu dominated population.

(ii) Both are neighbouring countries and enjoy a very special relationship

(iii) The citizens of the two countries can travel to each other without any passport and visa.

(iv) The citizens of the both countries can work either country of their choice without any restrictions.

(v) Indian government has helped in most of the developmental programmes like Hospitals and Electricity projects in Nepal.

(any other relevant point) (Any four)

(i) President in Pakistan is zero if he is not the general of the army.

(ii) A General in Pakistan without being President of Pakistan is effective but has some value.

(iii) A General has more value and more power if he is also the president of Pakistan.

(iv) In Pakistan military power is dominant as most of the Generals want to enhance their value and power by being the President also.

26.1 General Ayub Khan

26.2 1971

26.3 Z.A. Bhutto

26.4 SAARC

1. SAARC is a major regional initiative as it was established in 1985 to evolve cooperation among South Asian states.
2. It consisted of seven countries of South Asia to encourage mutual harmony and understanding.
3. It has initiated SAFTA to form free trade zones for the whole of South Asia.
4. It projected economic development of its member states to reduce their dependence on the non-regional powers.
5. SAFTA aims at lowering trade traiffs.
6. Some neighbouring countries fear that SAFTA is a way for India to ‘invade’ their markets, society and politics.
7. India thinks that it will bring real economic benefits for all, as a region that trades more freely would be able to cooperate better on political issues.

Hence, it is the most important regional initiative for regional cooperation and development.

or any other relevant point (Assess the answer as a whole) (2x2=4)

The following points justify the given statement :

1. Surveys in countries of South Asia showed that there is widespread support for democracy everywhere.
2. Ordinary citizens of all the South Asian countries view the idea of democracy positively and support the institutions of representative democracy.
3. The people think that democracy is suitable for their country.
4. People of Nepal, Bangladesh, Maldives etc. have opted for democracy over any other form of government.

or any other relevant point (any four points) (2x2=4)

(i) (C) Sinhalas

(ii) (C) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

(iii) (A) Tamils

(iv) (D) Ethnic conflict

(4 × 1 = 4)

(26.1) Sinhalas and Tamils.

(26.2) Discrimination between the Sinhalas and Tamils by the government.

(26.3) India sent its army to maintain peace.

(26.4) Norway and Iceland.

(4 × 1 = 4)

The governments of Bangladesh and India have difference on many issues such as –

1. Sharing of the water of Ganga and Brahmaputra.
2. Bangladesh’s denial of illegal immigration to India.
3. Support to anti Indian Islamic fundamentalists.
4. Refusal to allow Indian troops to move through its territory to north-eastern India.
5. Decision not to export natural gas to India.
6. Bangladesh feels that India behaves regional bully.

Despite these differences India and Bangladesh cooperate on many issues :

1. Bangladesh is a part of India’s ‘Look East’ policy.
2. Bangladesh and India cooperate on the issues of disaster management and environmental issues.
3. In 2015, they have exchanged certain enclaves.
4. Efforts are being made to improve the relation.

There are friendly relations between the two and communication and transportation is on the increase.

or any other relevant point (Evaluate as a whole)

Process of transition from monarchy to democracy in Nepal :

For many years people of Nepal wanted a more open and responsive system of government – but the King with the help of army retained full control over the government and restricted the expansion of democracy in Nepal.

1. In 1990, the King accepted the demand of a new democratic constitution.
2. During the nineties, the Maoists of Nepal were successful in spreading their influence. Violent conflict between the Maoists and the army of the King took place.
3. In 2002, the King abolished the parliament and dismissed the government.
4. In 2006, the King was forced by massive agitations to restore the house of representatives that had been dissolved. This was a big victory for SPA.
5. Nepal transition was almost complete and Nepal became democratic republic in 2008 after abolition of the monarchy.

Or any other relevant point (Evaluate as a whole)

(i) (C) 1 January, 2006

(ii) (A) SAARC ( South Asian Association for Regional Corporation)

(iii) (B) To allow free trade across the borders.

(iv) (A) Formation of a free trade zone

(1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4)

Circumstances that led to to the Bangladesh war in 1971 -

• (i) The people of this region resented the domination of West Pakistan and imposition of Urdu language.
• (ii) Sheikh Mujib-ur Rahman led the popular struggle against West Pakistani domination and demanded autonomy for the eastern region.
• (iii) In the 1970 elections the Awami League led by Sheikh Mujib-urRahman won all the seats in East Pakistan and secured a majority in the proposed Constituent Assembly for the whole of Pakistan. But the West Pakistan leadership refused to convene the assembly.
• (iv) Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman was arrested and the Pakistan army under Yahya Khan tried to suppress the mass movement of the Bengali people leading to large-scale migration into India. This created a huge refugee problem in India. The government of India supported the demand of the people of East Pakistan for independence and gave financial and military help. This resulted in a war between India and Pakistan in December 1971 that ended in the surrender of Pakistan forces in East Pakistan which led to the formation of Bangladesh as an independent nation.

Measures to improve India’s relations with Pakistan -

• (i) People to people contact and exchange programmes should be initiated.
• (ii) Trade between the two countries should be restored and encouraged.
• (iii) Diplomatic relations should be improved.

(Or any other relevant point) (Any Two)

Factors responsible for economic growth in Sri Lanka-

• (i) Sri Lanka has recorded high levels of human development. It was one of the first developing countries to successfully control the rate of growth of population.
• (ii) It was the first country in the region to liberalise the economy.
• (iii) It has had the highest per capita income and gross domestic product for many years right through the civil war.
• (iv) Despite the ravages of internal conflict, it has maintained a democratic, political system.

(Or any other relevant point) (any two)

1. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) Tamil militants
2. Sinhala Hardliners
3. The Balancing act by Rajapakse aimed to negotiating peace between the Sinhala Hardliners (or the Lion) and Tamil militants (or Tigers /LTTE).

(or any other relevant point) (1+1+2=4)

Note : For visually impaired students in lieu of question no.26

(26.1) The Sinhalas and the Tamils

(26.2) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

(26.3) 1948

(26.4) India, Norway, Iceland (any one)

(1+1+1+1=4)

Challenges faced by Pakistan:

1. Social dominance – the social dominance of the military, clergy, and landowning aristocracy has led to the frequent over throw of elected governments and the establishment of military government.
2. Conflict with India – Pakistan’s conflict with India has made the pro-military groups more powerful. These groups have often said that political parties and democracy in Pakistan would be harmed by selfish minded parties and that the army’s stay in power is therefore justified.
3. Lack of international Support – The lack of genuine international support for democratic rule in Pakistan has further encouraged the military to continue its dominance. The US and other Western countries have encouraged the military’s authoritarian rule in the past, for their own reasons.
4. Global Islamic Terrorism – As the western powers assumed the threat of ‘global Islamic terrorism’ and the apprehension that Pakistani’s nuclear arsenal might fall into the hands of these terrorist groups, the military regime in Pakistn has been seen as the protector of Western interests in West Asia and South Asia.

(any two challenges) (2x2=4)

Role of SAARC:

1. SAARC members have signed the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) in 2004 which promised the formation of a free trade zone for the whole of South Asia.
2. There have been a series of efforts made to manage tensions and build peace through SAARC. For example SAARC summits provide the situation to India and Pakistan to understand each other better and to find solutions of their major problems.

Or any other relevant example.

(any two to be explained) (2x2=4)

India – Bhutan Relationship-

1. India enjoys a very special relationship with Bhutan and does not have any major conflict with the Bhutanese government. The efforts made by the Bhutanese monarch to weed out guerrillas and militants from northeastern India that operate in his country, have been helpful to India.
2. India is involved in big hydroelectric projects in Bhutan and is the biggest source of development aid to Bhutan.

Any other relevant point (any two) (2x2=4)

Reasons for the problems that India has with its smaller neighbours-

1. Given its size and power, they are bound to be suspicious of India’s intentions. The Indian government, on the other hand, often feels exploited by its neighbours.
2. India does not like political instability in these countries, fearing it can help outside powers to gain influence in the region.
3. The smaller countries have a fear that India wants to be a regionally-dominant power, but India is always helpful to all the neighbouring countries.

(any two reasons) (2x2=4)

(i) (a) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

(ii) (b) Discrimination by the government between the two communities

(iii) (c) India signed an Accord with Sri Lanka and got involved in the solution to the problem.

(iv) (d) It was very difficult to maintain balance between the two rival groups.

4×1=4

26.1 (a) two communities

26.2 (b) Indian Peace Keeping Force

26.3 (b) LTTE

26.4 (a) rise in its economy and development

4×1=4

Evaluation of relationship between India and Pakistan:

1. Both the countries share linguistic, geographical and economical links but due to political and historical issues their relations have become strained.
2. The conflict started between India and Pakistan just after partition over the dispute on Kashmir and POK in 1948.
3. Attacks on India by Pakistan in 1965, 1971 and 1999 have intensified the rivalry between both the countries.
4. India’s conflict with Pakistan over strategic issues like the control of the Siachen glacier, over acquisition of arms.
5. India and Pakistan seem to have built a military relationship by conducting nuclear explosions in Pokaran and Chagai Hills which have reduced the possibility of a direct and full-scale war.
6. Train-bus service and cultural exchange between two countries has contributed to restore normal relations.

Or any other relevant point (any four) 4

Mutual relations between the smaller countries of South Asia and India are:-

1. Due to India’s size and power in South Asia, smaller countries are bound to be suspicious of India’s intentions. The Indian government on the other hand often feels exploited by its neighbours.
2. Smaller countries think that India wants to invade and dominate international markets with the help of SAPTA.
3. India does not like the political instability in these countries fearing it can help outside powers to gain influence in the region.
4. Many times India helped the smaller countries in solving their problems.
5. Economic relations between these two are also improving.
6. Cooperation between the two can also be noticed. For example India and Nepal are allowed to travel and work in each other’s country without visa and passport.
7. For development and cooperation South Asian countries have established a regional organization named SAARC.

(Or any other relevant point) (Any two) 4

(i) (c) Bangladesh

(ii) (d) Dhaka University

(iii) (d) 1987

(iv) (b) Lt. General H.M. Ershad

4×1=4

26.1 (c) India

26.2 (c) Nepal

26.3 (a) Sheikh Mujib Ur Rahman

26.4 (b) Nepal

4×1=4

(i) (d) SAARC

(ii) (b) Afghanistan OR (d) Pakistan

(iii) (a) To evolve cooperation among member states through multilateral means

(iv) (c) Bhutan

26.1 (b) It is a regional effort to evolve cooperation

26.2 (c) South Asian Free Trade Agreement

26.3 (c) China

26.4 (b) 2015

• Political parties and the people of Nepal wanted to have a more responsive and open system of Government.
• The King accepted the demand for a new democratic Constitution in 1990 in the wake of strong democratic movement.
• In 2002, the King abolished the Parliament and dismissed the Government, thus ending the limited democracy.
• In 2006, a massive, countrywide pro-democracy protest took place by SPA, the Maoists and the social activists. The king was forced to restore the House dissolved in 2002
• In 2008, Nepal became a democratic republic after abolishing the monarchy and since 2015, it adopted a new constitution.

Evaluate as a whole

Democracy is an accepted norm.

• The people of South Asian countries share common aspiration and attitudes in support of democracy.
• Nepal was a kingdom but fought for democracy.
• Bangladesh in the beginning was a democracy, later was under Military rule and finally accepted democracy.
• Maldives has also opted for democracy.
• Ordinary citizens, rich or poor, belonging to different religions, positively support representative democracy.
• People prefer democracy over any other form of Government and believe in it the most suitable form of Government for their country.
• They see democracy as a modernizing project of transforming societies.

(Assess as a whole)

South Asia would continue to be known as a conflict-prone zone because

• India-Pakistan relations had been of endemic conflict and violence.
• Interference of China and United States in South Asian politics.
• China’s strategic partnership with Pakistan remains a major irritant.
• The large South Asian diaspora in the US and huge size of population and markets of the region give America added stake in the future of regional peace and security.
• South Asia region is one of the most diverse regions. The diversity in terms of language, culture and ethnicity also contributes to it.
• India is emerging as a new centre of power which makes neighbouring countries scared.
• Conflicts between different neighbouring countries in this region.

(Any two)

Causes of ethnic conflicts of Sri Lanka:-

1. After independence, politics in Sri Lanka was dominated by the majority Sinhala community.
2. The ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka is between in the Sinhala community and Tamils who had migrated from India to Sri Lanka and settled there.
3. The Sinhala nationlists thought that Sri Lanka belongs to the Sinhala people only.
4. The neglect of Tamils concerns led to militant Tamil nationalism and LTTE has been fighting an armed struggle with the army and demanding ‘Tamil Eelam’ for Sri Lankan Tamils.

(Any two) 2×2=4

I) (C) USA and China

II) (C) India and China

III) China’s strategic partnership with Pakistan is a major irritant for India because it is causing problems in the normalisation of diplomatic relations between the two countries.

(1+1+2=4)

1. The various countries in South Asia have experienced mixed record of democracies and the people also share an aspiration for democracy to be flourished not only in rich or developed countries but in developing and underdeveloped countries also which can be drawn from the examples of Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Maldives, because:
2. Every ordinary citizen, rich or poor belonging to different religions view the idea of democracy positively and support the institutions of representative democracy.
3. They prefer democracy over any other form of democracy and think that democracy is suitable for their country.
4. There has been a hint of spread and demand for democracy as we have witnessed in the case of Nepal. Nepal has transformed politically from Monarchy to Democracy. It confirms the expansion of Democracy in South Asia.

(To be assessed as a whole or other relevant point/s)

Democracy in Nepal-

• Nepal was a constututional monarchy before 1990.
• In 1990, the king accepted the demand for a new democratic country and created parliament.
• The year 2002 was a set back for the democracy because the king abolished the parliament and dismissed the government. It ended the democracy.
• In 2006, there were massive pro-democracy protests. King was forced to restore the House of representatives.
• Seven Party Alliance (SPA) played a significant role in this.
• Since 2008, Nepal is a democratic republic having its own constitution.
• Nepal formed a constituent Assembly to draft a constitution for Nepal with nominal monarchy.

(any other relevant point) (any four)

Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan from 1947-1971.

• In the 1970 elections, the Awami league led by Sheikh Mujib won all the seats in East Pakistan but the government was dominated by the west Pakistani leadership.
• Protest against the unfair treatment meted out to bengali language and culture.
• Therefore, Pakistani leadership, Pakistani army tried to suppress the mass movement of the Bengali people.
• This led to a large scale migration into India. Indian government supported the East Pakistan for their independence.
• This resulted in a war between India and Pakistan in December 1971.
• Finally, with the support of India, East Pakistan won and formation of Bangladesh was done as an independent country.
• Bangladesh drafted its constitution declaring faith in secularism, democracy and socialism and democracy was established.

(any other relevant point) (any four)

Commonalities :

1. There is majority of Muslim population in both the countries.
2. There have been military takeover in both the countries time to time.
3. There have been pro-democracy movements in both the countries.

or any other relevant commonalities (any two to be explained) (2x1½=3)

Differences :

1. The US and Western countries have encouraged military rule in Pakistan in the past, but it is not so in Bangladesh.
2. Pakistan is a nuclear state whereas Bangladesh is not.
3. Bangladesh has declared its faith in secularism, democracy and socialism since 1991. In Pakistan, had been an Islamic country and democratic government has been functioning since the fall of President Pervez Musharraf.

or any other relevant difference (any two points to be explained) (2x1½=3)

Issues of Co-operations :

1. Bangladesh has been a part of ‘India’s look East policy’ that is linked with South East Asia via Myanmar.
2. India and Bangladesh signed an agreement to share the water of river Ganga.
3. On disaster management and environmental issues, both have cooperated regularly.
4. Certain enclaves were exchanged in 2015.

or any other relevant point (any two points) (2x1½=3)

Issues of confrontation/disagreements :

1. Denial of illegal migration to India.
2. Refusal to allow Indian troops to move through its territory to Northeastern states.
3. Decision not to export the export of natural Gas to India.

or any other relevant point (any two) (2x1½=3)

Areas of Cooperation :

1. Bangladesh is a part of India’s “Look East, Act East” Since 2014 that wants to link up with Southeast Asia via Myanmar.
2. A treaty between India and Nepal allows the citizens to travel to and work in the other country without visas and passports.
3. India is involved in big hydroelectric projects in Bhutan and remains the Himalayan Kingdom’s biggest source of development aid.

or any other relevant point (Any two) (2 × 1½ = 3)

Areas of Conflicts :

1. Nepal and Bhutan, as well as Bangladesh and Myanmar have had disagreements in the migration of ethnic Nepalese into Bhutan and Rohingyas into Myanmar, respectively.
2. Indian Government is unhappy with Bangladesh’s denial of illegal immigration to India.
3. Indian security agencies see the Maoist Movement in Nepal as a growing security threat.

or any other relevant point (Any two) (2 × 1½ = 3)

(3 + 3 = 6)

1. Pakistan and Bangladesh both have experienced civilian and military rules. But the people always prefer democracy. Z.A. Bhutto, Benazir Bhutto, Nawaz Sharif and Imran Khan were elected after the long spells of military rule. Even Musharraf had to adopt the democratic way to remain in power.
2. People of Bangladesh adopted a constitution which was for democracy. Mujib-ur Rahman was killed for not going on the path of democracy.
3. Till 2006, Nepal was a constitutional monarchy with the danger of the king taking over executive powers. In 2008, the monarchy was abolished and Nepal emerged as a democratic republic.
4. In Maldives democracy has been chosen by the people and in 2005, the parliament of Maldives voted to introduce multi-party system.
5. India and Sri Lanka are democratic since independence.

Or any other relevant point (any three) (3 × 2 = 6)

Issue of Conflicts :

1. Kashmir issue
2. Control of the Siachen Glacier
3. Terrorist activities in Jammu and Kashmir supported by Pakistan.
4. Sharing of river waters.
5. Disagreement over the demarcation line in Sir Creek in the Rann of Kutch.

any other relevant point (Any three to be described) (3 × 2 = 6)

Features of ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka

1. Politics in Sri Lanka is dominated by majority Sinhala Community.
2. The neglect of Indian Tamils in Sri Lanka led to militant Tamil Nationalism.
3. The LTTE organisation has been fighting against the army of Sri Lanka.
4. The Tamils in Sri Lanka asked for a separate Eelam.
5. Peace keeping force sent by India was not liked by the Sri Lankans tamils.
6. Politics of Sri Lanka is discriminatory based on majoritianism.

any other relevant point (Any three to be described) (3 × 2 = 6)

Democratic system has not been very successful in Pakistan, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. They have seen considerable struggle to establish complete democracy. Examples are as follows:-

1. In Pakistan, military rule has ended and after 2006 democracy has been restored, but not truly democratic.
2. In Nepal, people’s movement was a long struggle to replace constitutional monarchy with a democratic government in which they succeeded
3. In Bangladesh too, the early years saw a military dominant regime. By 1979 demand for democracy gave way to multi-party elections and a representative democracy was established in 1991.

or any other relevant point (any three point) 3×2=6

Happenings in Bangladesh that show their support for democracy-

1. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman led the popular struggle against West Pakistani domination. He demanded autonomy for the eastern region. In the 1970 elections the Awami League won all the seats in East Pakistan. But the government dominated by the West Pakistani leadership refused to convene the assembly. This resulted in a war in 1971 that ended in the surrender of the Pakistani forces in East Pakistan and the formation of Bangladesh as an independent country.
2. In 1975 Sheikh Mujib got the constitution amended to shift from the parliamentary to presidential form of government. He also abolished all parties except his own, the Awami League. His actions were to be authoritarian. People opposed it and was assassinated in a military uprising in August 1975. The new military ruler, Ziaur Rahman, formed his own Bangladesh National Party and won elections in 1979.
3. Later on Ziaur Rahman was assassinated and another military takeover followed under the leadership of Lt Gen H. M. Ershad. The people of Bangladesh soon rose in support of the demand for democracy. Ershad was forced to allow political activity on a limited scale. He was later elected as President for five years. Mass public protests made Ershad step down in 1990. Elections were held in 1991. Since then representative democracy based on multi-party elections has been working in Bangladesh.

Or any other happening. (any three to be explained) 3×2=6

1. Continuous interference of the Military in the administration of Pakistan.
2. Continuous struggle against India—three wars—economic loss leading to poverty.
3. Social dominance of clergy and land owning aristocracy.
4. Lack of genuine support for democratic rule in Pakistan at the international level.
5. Pakistan had become centre for global Islamic terrorism.

Or any other (Any three)

Examples can be taken from Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Maldives.

1. Nepal was a Hindu Kingdom but now it has become secular democratic country after a long agitation by people under seven-party alliance.
2. Bangladesh was a democratic country from the beginning but military took over after assassination of Sheikh Mujib. But again people have re-established democracy.
3. Similarly in Maldives which earlier was a sultanate has become democratic country after agitation by the people. Now it has a multi-party system.
4. Any other example

(Any three)

(C) Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.

(B) After the end of the Second World War, ‘Veto Power’ is given only to permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to establish peace in the world.

(D) Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

(A) India’s growing economic power and stable political system.

(C) Trusteeship Council

(B) i, ii, iv, iii

(C) I-iv, II-iii, III-ii, IV-i

(B) II, IV, III, I

(D) UNESCO (It is an agency of UN)

(C) Japan

(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

(D) World Trade Organisation (WTO)

(C) Security Council

(D) It encourages socialist economies.

(A) (i), (iii), (iv), (ii)

(B) prevent international conflict and facilitate cooperation among member states.

(b) United Nation Security Council

(b) prevent international conflicts

(d) Large population and big economic power

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and R is not the correct explanation of (A)

(c) International Court of Justice

(B) World Trade Organization (WTO)

(C) WTO

• General Assembly
• Secretariat
• Security Council
• International court of justice
• Economic and social council
• Trusteeship Council

(Any four)

Advantages of international organisations:

• (i) They help in matters of war and peace.
• (ii) They also help countries cooperate to create better living conditions for all.

Or any other relevant point

Complaints are:

1. The Security Council no longer represents contemporary political realities.
2. Its decisions reflect only western values and interests and is dominated by a few powers.
3. It lacks equitable representation.

Or any other relevant complaint.

(any two complaints) (2x1=2)

The strength of United Nations lies in the following:-

1. It helps countries to cooperate to make better living conditions for us all.
2. Some issues are global eg. Global warming, epidemics. UN helps nations come together to resolve.
3. It can play an important role in helping nations discuss contentious issues and find peaceful solution.

Examples that show the strengths of UN are as follows:-

1. UN passed a resolution that helped resolve conflict between Lebanon and Israel.
2. UN health agencies have worked to help nations deal with COVID pandemic.

(or any other example) (any two) 2×1=2

UNICEF, UNESCO, WHO, ILO, UNDEP, IMF, FAO

Or any other related agency (any four) 4×½=2

Functions of UNICEF-

1. To collect emergency funds for children and to help in their development work all across the world.
2. Helps and encourages the works that promote children’s health and better life in all parts of the world.

Or any other point 2×1=2

Two functions of International Labour Organisations

• i) It creates safety ,parity and dignified work conditions
• ii) It promotes social justice for workers through International Labour standard of global level.
• iii) promotes incentives for women and male workers to engage in productive work.

(Any two or any other relevant point)

(i) (B) Security Council

(ii) (A) America

(iii) (D) 1965

(iv) (D) The Security Council has a large army to establish peace.

The United Nations Organisation is generally regarded as the great hope of humanity for peace and progress because—

(i) It resolves many issues of contention by mediation / peace building commissions.

(ii) It accepts the responsibility of the international community in case of failures of the national governments to protect their own citizens from atrocities.

(iii) It has established the Human Rights Council to protect the human rights.

(iv) It condemns the terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.

( or any other relevant point) (any two points to be explained)

Suggestions to make the United Nations organisations more relevant in the current scenario -

(i) United Nations should serve as a balance against US dominance to help to maintain a dialogue between US & the rest of the world.

(ii) Change of the physical location of the UN to reduce the US influence.

(iii) Composition of the Security Council to be reviewed and new members to be added.

(iv) More/ broader representation of various countries.

(any other relevant point)

(i) United States of America.

(ii) Map of the world.

(iii) Message conveyed by the cartoon is that if the USA is not able to find the solution through UNO than the war with weapons will be able to find the solution of the problem. It depicts the strength of the US holding UN in one hand and the weapons in the second hand.

26.1 1945

26.2 To prevent international conflicts and to facilitate cooperation among states.

26.3 Security Council.

26.4 Amnesty International

OR

Human Rights Watch

i. (B) Influence of USA on UNO

ii. (A) If UN fails then the US can control the world by its military power.

iii. (D) Now many new centres of power emerged.

iv. (B) To promote international Peace and Co-operation.

(1+1+1+1=4)

(26.1) To help the world to avoid war.

(26.2) UNESCO- United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation

(26.3) 51

(26.4) Secretary General

(1+1+1+1=4)

Four steps :

1. Creation of a peacebuilding commission.
2. International community should accept the responsibility to save and protect the citizens of any country from the atrocities of their own government.
3. Establishment of a Human Rights Commission.
4. Agreements to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
5. Condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
6. Creation of a Democracy Fund.
7. An agreement to wind up the Trusteeship Council.

(Any four) (4 × 1 = 4)

1. The Soviet Union has collapsed
2. The US emerged as the strongest power .
3. The relationship between Russia and the US is much more cooperative
4. China is fast emerging as a great power
5. The economies of Asia are also growing
6. Many new countries have joined the US
7. A whole new set of challenges confronts the world genocide, civil war, terrorism, etc.

(Any four) (4 × 1 = 4)

NGOs for the Protection of Human Rights :

1. Amnesty International :
   • It promotes respect for all the human rights. It believes that human rights are interdependent and indivisible.
   • It prepares and publishes reports on human rights.
   (name + one point)
2. Human Rights Watch :
   • This NGO is also involved in research and advocacy on human rights.
   • It is the largest international human rights organization in the US.
   • It draws the global media’s attention to human rights abuses.
   • It helped in building international coalitions like the campaigns to ban landmines, to stop the use of child soldiers and to establish the International Criminal Court.
   (name + one point)

(2 + 2 = 4)

Two international organisation are :

1. World Trade Organisation :
   • It was set up in 1995 us the successor to the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) created after the Second World War.
   • It sets the rules for global trade.
   • It has 164 members.
   • All the decisions are taken unanimously but the major economic powers such as the US, EU and Japan have managed to use the WTO to frame rules of trade to advance their own interests.
   (Name + One point)
2. World Bank :
   • The World Bank was created during the Second World War in 1944.
   • It provides loans and grants to the member countries, exercising enormous influence on the economic policies of developing countries.
   • It sets the economic agenda for the poorer nations, attaching stringent conditions to its loans and forcing free market reforms.
   (Name + One point)

(2 + 2 = 4)

Changes that occurred in world after the end of the cold war.

1. The Soviet Union collapsed and disintegrated.
2. The US became the only super power.
3. The relationship between Russia and the US become more cooperative.
4. The economy of the China and India is growing rapidly .
5. The economies of Asia are growing at an unprecedented rate.
6. Many new independent countries joined the UN.

any other relevant point ( any four changes) (4 × 1 = 4)

Criteria for new members they should be a:

• (i) Major economic power
• (ii) Major military power
• (iii) Substantial contributor to the UN budget
• (iv) Big population
• (v) Respect for human rights and democracy

or any another criterion (Any four)

India has supported the restructuring of the UN on the following grounds-

• (i) The UN security council membership has become static whereas the members of United Nations has grown.
• (ii) UN Security Council depends only on the five permanent members- which is discriminatory.
• (iii) There is unequitable representation in geographical terms.

Hence India supports the restructuring of the United States.

(Or any other relevant answer) ( Evaluate as a whole)

Most of the actions of the United Nations are based on the decisions of the Security Council. So if United Nation is to be restructured then the restructuring of Security Council is must-

• (i) Change in the number of permanent and non- permanent members of the Security Council is desired.
• (ii) Security Council should be made equitable representative in geographical terms

(Or any other relevant point) (Assess as a whole)

(a) United Nation (1)

(b) UN General Secretary, Kofi Annan (1)

(c) According to Israel it was necessary to attack Lebanon to control the militant group called Hezbollah who killed a large number of civilians and caused destruction. (2)

For Visually Impaired Candidates

(26.1) United Nations Children’s Fund / (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund)

(26.2) United Nations Organisation

(26.3) 51

(26.4) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

(4x1=4)

UNICEF- The United Nation International Children’s Emergency Fund.

Function:

1. To collect emergency funds for children and to help in their development work all across the world.
2. To help and encourage the works that promote children health and better life in all parts of the world.

Or any other function 1+3=4

Veto power is the power to negate any decision made by all other members of UNSC. It is a negative vote. This power has been given to the five permanent members of UNSC.

1. USA
2. UK
3. Russia
4. France
5. China

(Any 4 countries) 2+2=4

Principal organs of the United Nations

• i) The General Assembly
• ii) Secretariat
• iii) Security Council
• iv) International Court of Justice
• v) Economic and Social Council

(any four)

Composition:

• i) The General Assembly: It includes all member states. In the UN General Assembly, all members have one vote each. Each member country may be represented by upto five state delegates but each and all of them has only one vote.
• ii) Secretariat: The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary-General and such staff as the Organization may require. The Secretary-General shall be appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. He shall be the chief administrative officer of the Organization.
• iii) Security Council :In the UN Security Council, there are ten non-permanent and five permanent members. These permanent members are: the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France and China.

(or composition of any other)

Candidate may answer in favour or against the veto power given only to five permanent members:

• i) It is in conflict with the concept of democracy and sovereign equality.
• ii) Under the changing circumstances veto power is no longer relevant.
• iii) No representative from Australia and Africa.

(Or any other relevant point) (any two with explanation)

I (C) Israel attacked Lebanon

II (C) Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.

III (D) Kofi A Annan

IV (D) The UN cannot act without approval of Security Council members

1. António Guterres is the current Secretary-General.
2. Amnesty International is the NGO that works for human rights protection all over the World.
3. It shows that security threats come not only from states but also from non- state actors (Hezbollah).
4. Veto power means that any one of the five permanent members can stop a decision or resolution from being passed, even if all other members agree.

(i) General Assembly :

It represents of all 193 member states, each with one vote. Major decisions require a two third majority, otherwise a single majority decision not binding on UN members. Key functions include adopting the UN budget, appointing the secretary general, electing non- permanent Security council members etc.

(ii) Security Council :

It has total 15 members, 5 permanent and 10 temporary Permanent members are US, UK, France, Russia and China. All these have veto power. Temporary members are elected for the term of two years. Its decisions are binding on all UN members. Key functions include investigating disputes , establishing peace and authorising military action to resolve threats to peace.

(iii) International court of Justice :

There are total 15 judges elected for 9 years by absolute majority in both the general Assembly and the security council. It is situated in ’The Hague’ Netherland. Key functions include to settle legal disputes , provide advisory opinions on legal questions. It interprets and inforce international laws.

(iv) Secretariat:

It is acting as UN’s executive administrative arm. It is headed by secretary -general who is appointed by the General Assembly for 5 years. It handles the day to day work, implementing decisions, organising conferences etc.

(v) Economic and Social Council:-

It has 54 seats based on geographical representation which are elected by the General Assembly for the three year terms. It co-ordinate economic, social and environmental policies and promotes sustainable development etc.

(Any three with one function)

Agencies are :

i) WHO: a) It works for the health and against the spread of epidemics.

b) It works for the Vaccination.

ii) UNHRC: a) It works for the protection of human rights in different parts of the world.

b) It addresses human rights violations.

iii) UNICEF: a) It works for the welfare of children.

b) It also protects child rights, focusing on health, education, nutrition, and safety

iv) IAEA : a) It seeks to promote use of atomic energy for military purposes.

b) It seeks scientific and technical cooperation in the nuclear field.

v) ILO: a) It sets international labor standards.

b) Fostering decent employment opportunities and enhancing social protection.

vi) UNESCO: Promoting universal education, preserving cultural heritage, encouraging scientific research and protecting freedom of expression.

(or any other agency) (any three)

Qualifications required by a country to be a new member of the UN Security Council.

1. A major economic power
2. A major military power
3. A substantial contributor to the UN budget
4. A big nation in terms of its population
5. A nation that respects democracy and human rights
6. A country that would make the Council more representative of the world's diversity in terms of geography, economic systems, and culture.

(Any Other) (Any four)

Reforms –

1. Some new members may be taken as permanent members of the UN Security Council.
2. It should be made equitable representative.
3. It decisions should not reflect the western values and interests only.
4. The influence of the US on the UN should be rational and reasonable.
5. It should be more active to stop the wars and to bring peace in the world.

(Any other suggestion) (Any four)

Importance of UN in contemporary world :

1. In a unipolar world in which the US is dominant, the UN served to bring the US and the rest of the world into discussions on various issues.
2. UN is an organisation serving a purpose of bringing over 193 nations together in dealing with conflicts and social and economic developments.
3. The UN provides an arena for the rest of the world in which it is possible to modify US attitudes and policies.
4. The UN may be an imperfect body, but without it, the world would be worse off.
5. International organisations help with matters of war and peace and uphold human rights.
6. They also help countries cooperate to make better living conditions and well-being of the people.
7. Due to growing interdependence, it is hard to imagine a world without an organisation like the UN.

or any other relevant point (Assess as a whole) (6)

Changes :

1. The Soviet Union has collapsed.
2. The US has become the sole super power.
3. The relationship between Russia, the successor to the Soviet Union, and the US is much more cooperative.
4. China is fast emerging as a great power, and India also is growing rapidly.
5. The economies of Asia are growing at an unprecedented rate.
6. Many new countries have joined the UN.
7. A whole new set of challenges confronts the world (genocide, civil war, ethnic conflict, terrorism, epidemics, etc.)

(any four points to be explained) (4x1½=6)

Importance of United Nations :

1. It is the only international organisation that has more than 193 member states. It means that UN has approach to all these countries and also is able to listen and solve their problems.
2. United Nations is working for the Human Rights, all over the world.
3. UN provides a platform for the countries to discuss their problems and disputes in a peaceful manner.
4. UN has worked for disarmament and control on nuclear weapons.

or any other relevant point (Any three to be explained) (3 × 2 = 6)

UN Security Council :

• Composition : It has five permanent and 10 non-permanent members. Five permanent members Russia, US, UK, France and China have the veto power to negate any decision. The most visible figure of the UN is its Secretary General.
• Functions :
  1. It plays an effective role in maintaining peace and security in accordance with the principles of the UN.
  2. To investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to an International conflict.
  3. Security Council balances the US power.

or any other relevant function (Any three functions) (3 + 3 = 6)

India’s claim for permanent membership of UN Security Council :

1. India is the second most populous country in the world comprising almost one-fifth of the world population.
2. India is also the world’s largest democracy.
3. India is growing as a new economic power.
4. India has participated all the initiatives of the UN.
5. Its role in the UN’s peacekeeping efforts is a long and substantial one.
6. The country’s economic emergence on the world stage is another factor.
7. India has also made regular financial contributions to the UN and never faltered on its payments.

or any other relevant criteria (Any four with explanation) (4 × 1½ = 6)

Relevance of UN :

1. It has successfully stopped the third world war. It sent many peacekeeping forces and stopped warlike situations.
2. It has contributed in maintaining peace among nations of the world.
3. It has foster co-operation among nations to resolve new threats like terrorism, global warming, etc.
4. Through health agency (WHO), it has successfully eradicated severe diseases like Polio and TB from the world by conducting vaccination programmes.
5. In pandemic like situation as Covid-19, it worked phenomenally.
6. It’s mission is all round development of the world. It is financially helping to the LDCs countries.
7. It provides platform for new discussions and negotiations.

(or any other relevant point) (Any four with explanation) (4 × 1½ = 6)

Grounds on the basis of which India seeks to become a permanent member of the UN Security Council-

• (i) India is the second most populous country in the world comprising almost ⅕ of the world population.
• (ii) India is the world’s largest democracy.
• (iii) India has participated virtually in all of the initiatives of the UN.
• (iv) Its role in the UN peacekeeping efforts is a long and substantial one.
• (v) The country’s economic emergence in the world stage is another factor that perhaps justifies India’s claim to permanent seat.
• (vi) India has also made regular financial contributions to the UN and never faltered on its payments.

(or any other relevant point) (any four points)

(4x1½=6)

Complaints-

• (i) The Security Council no longer represents the contemporary political realities.
• (ii) Its decisions reflect only western values and interests and are dominated by a few powers.
• (iii) It lacks equitable representation.

(To be explained )