Geography (029) · Class XII · Chapter-wise Board Questions

(C) (A) is incorrect but (R) is correct

(B) Neo- Determinism

(C) II and III are correct.

(D) Ratzel

(C) To understand the earth as the home of human beings and its sustainability.

(C) Griffith Taylor

(B) Nature and Human

(A) Earth as home of human beings

(C) Better understanding of natural laws

(C) Ellen C. Semple

(C) Creation of cultural landscapes

(C) Body of the moving water

(B) Ratzel

(C) I, IV, III, II

(A) Behavioural Geography

i) The earth is dynamic in nature.
ii) Man is also not static but very dynamic on the earth.
iii) Their relationship keeps on changing.
iv) Man cultivates, build houses, roads, etc. on the earth.
v) Human beings use the resources provided by the physical environment and greatly modify it. It has also in turn impacted human lives.
vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be examined) 3×1=3

i. Griffith Taylor introduced the concept of Neo-determinism.
ii. It reflects a middle path (Madhyam Marg) between the two ideas of environmental determinism and possibilism.
iii. He termed it as Neo-determinism or stop and go determinism.
iv. The concept shows that neither is there a situation of absolute necessity (environmental determinism) nor is there a condition absolute freedom (possibilism).
v. It means that human beings can conquer nature by obeying it.
vi. They have to respond to the red signals and can proceed in their pursuits of development when nature permits the modifications.
vii. It means that possibilities can be created within the limits.
viii. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained) 3×1=3

i) There is direct relationship between households and their environment.
ii) It belongs to primitive societies.
iii) Complete harmony with natural environment.
iv) Nature is powerful force, worshiped, revered and conserved.
v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained) 3×1=3

1. The inter-relationship between the physical environment and socio-cultural environment is created by human beings through mutual interaction with each other.
2. Human beings use the resources provided by the physical environment to create socio-cultural landscape.
3. Houses, villages, cities, industries etc. and other elements of material culture have been created by human beings by various resources provided by physical environment.
4. Physical environment has been greatly modified by human beings; it has also in turn impacted human lives.
5. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained) 3×1=3

1. The understanding of concept of friction and heat helped us discover fire.
2. Understanding the secrets of DNA and genetics enabled us to conquer many diseases.
3. We use the law of aerodynamics to develop faster planes.
4. Knowledge about nature is extremely important to develop technology and technology looses the shackles of environment on human beings.
5. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained) 3×1=3

1. Nature and humans are inseparable elements and should be seen holistically.
2. Both physical and human phenomena are described in metaphors using symbols from the human anatomy.
3. Face of the earth, eye of the storm, mouth of the river, snout of the glacier are some of the examples.
4. Similarly, regions, villages, towns have been described as ‘Organism’. Networks of roads, railways and waterways have been described as arteries of circulation.
5. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be analyzed) 3×1=3

1. Human create possibilities with resources obtained from the environment.
2. Human move from the state of necessity to the state of freedom.
3. Human activity creates a cultural landscape.
4. The imprints of human activities are everywhere.
5. Health resorts on highlands, huge urban sprawls, fields, orchards and pastures in plains and rolling hills, ports on the coasts, oceanic routes on the oceanic surface and satellites in the space.
6. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be analyzed.) 3×1=3

1. Human Geography attempts to explain the relationship between all elements of human life and the space they occur over.
2. It assumes a highly interdisciplinary nature.
3. It develops close interface with other sister disciplines in social sciences in order to understand and explain human elements on the surface of the earth.
4. With the expansion of knowledge, new sub-fields emerge, and it has also happened to human geography.
5. For example, Urban Geography has an interdisciplinary connection with Urban Studies and Planning or Population Geography has an interdisciplinary connection with Demography.
6. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be analysed) 3×1=3

1. Human Geography studies the inter relationship between the physical environment and socio-cultural environment created by human beings through mutual interaction with each other.
2. Physical environment like landforms, Soil, Flora and Fauna, Water, Climate etc. provide stage for different activities.
3. Human beings have made houses, cities, villages, ports, farms, elements of daily uses and other elements of material culture by using the resources provided by the physical environment.
4. While physical environment has been greatly modified by human beings in turn human lives also have been impacted.
5. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be analysed) 3×1=3

1. In early stages of their interaction with their natural environment, humans were greatly influenced by it.
2. They adapted to the dictates of nature.
3. Human beings used to live in complete harmony with their natural environment.
4. Human beings are directly dependent on nature for their sustenance.
5. The level of technology was very low, and the stage of human’s social development was primitive.
6. The interaction between primitive human society and strong forces of nature is called environmental determinism.
7. Human being listened to Nature and was completely naturalised.
8. Human being was afraid of nature’s fury and worshipped it.
9. Nature is considered as a powerful force, worshipped, revered and conserved.
10. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be examined.) 3×1=3

1. It is also known as the welfare school of thought.
2. This new school emerged in the 1970s as a result of discontentment with the quantitative revolution.
3. It was mainly concerned with the different aspects of social well-being of the people.
4. Housing, health and education are its main aspects.
5. It is taught at Postgraduate level as Geography of Social well-being.
6. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be examined.) 3×1=3

1. Human beings have created elements through their activities on the stage provided by the physical environment.
2. With social and cultural development, humans develop better and more efficient technology.
3. The imprints of human activities are created everywhere; e.g. health resorts on highlands, huge urban sprawls, fields, orchards and pastures in plains etc.
4. Houses, villages, cities, road-rail networks, industries, farms, ports, items of our daily use and all other elements of material culture have been created by human beings using the resources provided by the physical environment.
5. Any other relevant point

(Any three points to be explained) 3×1=3

Environmental determinism:-

1. The interaction between primitive human society and strong forces of nature is known as environmental determinism.
2. Human being listened to nature.
3. Human being was afraid of its fury
4. Human being worshipped nature.

Examples:-

• Direct relationship of a house hold belonging to an economically primitive society with nature.
• Nature is the powerful force, worshipped, revered and conserved.
• There is a direct dependence of human being on a nature for resources which sustained them.

(v) Any other relevant Point.

(Any three points to be explained.) 3×1=3

The dichotomy between physical and human is not a very valid one because-

1. Nature and human are inseparable elements.
2. It should be seen holistically.
3. Both physical and human phenomena are describes in metaphors using symbols from the human anatomy.

Examples are:-

• ‘Mouth’ of the river, ‘neck’ of isthmus, ‘Profile’ of the soil, ‘face’ of the earth, ‘eye’ of the storm etc.
• Networks of road, railways and waterways have been described as ‘arteries of circulation’.
• Regions, villages, towns have been described as ‘organisms’.

(iv) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.) 3×1=3

The use of technology helped people to overcome nature's obstacles-

1. The people begin to understand their environment and the forces of nature with the passage of time.
2. With social and cultural development, humans develop better and more efficient technology.
3. They move from a state of necessity to a state of freedom. They create possibilities with the resources obtained from the environment.
4. It is technology that has allowed the people of Trondheim and others to overcome the constraints imposed by nature.
5. For example, health resorts on the highlands, huge urban sprawls, ports on the coasts, satellites in space etc.
6. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be analyzed). 3×1=3

Neo-determinism tried to achieve balance between two concepts of man- environment relationship

1. Neo-determinism shows that neither is there a situation of absolute necessity nor is there a condition of absolute freedom.
2. It means that human beings can conquer nature by obeying it.
3. They have to respond to the red signals and can proceed in their pursuits of development when nature permits the modification.
4. Possibilities can be created within the limits which do not damage the environment and there is no free run without accidents.
5. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be analyzed). 3×1=3

1. The concept shows that neither is there a situation of absolute necessity nor is there a condition of absolute freedom.
2. It means that human beings can conquer nature by obeying it.
3. They have to respond to the red signals and can proceed in their pursuits of development when nature permits the modification.
4. Possibilities can be created within the limits which do not damage the environment.
5. In cities, traffic is regulated by lights on the cross roads. Traffic lights where red light means stop, amber light provides a gap between red and green lights to get set and green light means go.
6. Any other relevant point with example

(Any three points to be examined) 3x1=3

(i) The people begin to understand their environment and the forces of nature with the passage of time.

(ii) With social and cultural development, human develop better and more efficient technology.

(iii) They move from a state of necessity to a state of freedom.

(iv) They create possibilities with the resources obtained from environment. The human activities create cultural landscape.

(v) The imprints of human activities are created everywhere; health resorts on highlands, huge urban sprawls, fields, orchards and pastures in plains and rolling hills, ports on the coasts, oceanic routes on the oceanic surface and satellites in the space.

(vi) Any other relevant point

(Any three points to be explained)

3x1=3

(i) All geographical studies emphasize on the study of nature and human beings

(ii) It is interesting to note that both physical and human phenomena are described using symbols from the human anatomy.

(iii) Regions, villages, towns have been described the state/country as a living organism.

(iv) Network of roads, railways and waterways have often been described as arteries of circulation.

(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be examined)

3x1=3

(i) There is always interaction between humans and natural phenomena.

(ii) Primitive societies were intimately dependent on nature for food and other resources.

(iii) We can imagine the presence of a naturalized human who listened to nature, was afraid of its fury and worshipped it

(iv) Strong forces of nature always guided human activities.

(v) This relation was termed as environmental determinism

(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be examined)

3x1=3

1. With social and cultural development, humans developed better and more efficient technology.
2. They move from state of necessity to state of freedom.
3. They create possibilities with the resources obtained from the environment.
4. The human activities created cultural landscape.
5. The imprints of human activities are created everywhere like health resorts on highlands, huge urban sprawls, fields, orchards, ports etc.
6. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be examined.) 3x1=3

1. Technology indicates the level of cultural development of society.
2. The understanding of concepts of friction and heat helped us discover fire.
3. Understanding of the secrets of DNA and genetics enables us to conquer in any diseases.
4. We use the laws of aerodynamics to develop faster planes.
5. Knowledge about nature is extremely important to develop technology, and technology loosens the shackles of environment on human beings.
6. In the early stages of their interaction with their natural environment humans were greatly influenced by it.
7. Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be analyzed. 3×1=3

1. The people begin to understand their environment and the forces of nature with the passage of time.
2. With social and cultural development humans develop better and more efficient technology.
3. They move from a state of necessity to a state of freedom.
4. They create possibilities with resources obtained from the environment.
5. The human activities create cultural landscape e.g. health resorts on highlands, huge urban sprawls, fields, orchards and pastures in plains and rolling hills, ports, oceanic routes on oceanic surface and satellites.
6. Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be evaluated. 3×1=3

Following are the supporting statements.

1. In the early stages of development, primitive societies were controlled by forces of nature.
2. At that stage, level of technology was very low.
3. They were afraid of the fury of nature and worshiped it.
4. The humans were completely naturalised.
5. Any other relevant point

Any three points to be examined 3×1=3

1. The Earth is the home of mankind.
2. All natural phenomena that take place affect human beings.
3. Humans also modify natural environment.
4. There is inter-relationship between nature and man.
5. Any other relevant point.

To be assessed as a whole. 3

1. Natural elements such as landform, soils, climate, etc. keeps on changing with time and space.
2. Humans also respond to such changes accordingly.
3. As the natural phenomena changes, human activities change accordingly.
4. Nature and human are inseparable elements and should be seen holistically.
5. Humans have to adjust with the changing nature of the Earth.
6. This correlation has been and will remain in future.
7. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained) 1×3=3

1. Griffith Taylor
2. Human beings can conquer nature by obeying it. They have to respond to the red signals and can proceed in their pursuits of development when nature permits the modifications. It means that possibilities can be created within the limits which do not damage the environment and there is no free run without accidents. The neo-determinism conceptually attempts to bring a balance nullifying the ‘either’ ‘or’ dichotomy.
3. The free run which the developed economies attempted to take has already resulted in the greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, global warming, receding glaciers and degrading lands.

1+1+1=3

Neodeterminism, also known as “stop-and-go determinism,” was introduced by Griffith Taylor. It states that nature sets certain limits for human activities, but within these limits, humans have the freedom to choose and develop according to their needs and capabilities. (1)

It provides a middle path between Environmental Determinism and Possibilism as: (2)

1. This concept shows that neither is there a situation of absolute necessity (environmental determinism) nor is there a condition of absolute freedom (possibilism). It means that human beings can conquer nature by obeying it.
2. They have to respond to the red signals and can proceed in their pursuits of development when nature permits modifications. It means that possibilities can be created within the limits which do not damage the environment and there is no free run without accidents.
3. The free run which the developed economies attempted to take has already resulted in the greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, global warming, receding glaciers and degrading lands.
4. Neo determinism promotes sustainable development, where human progress takes place in harmony with nature, avoiding overexploitation.

Any two points

1. The reach of geography is extensive and each and every event or phenomenon which varies over space and time can be studied geographically.
2. The earth comprises two major components: nature (physical environment) and life forms including human beings.
3. Physical geography studies physical environment and human geography studies the relationship between the physical/natural and the human worlds, the spatial distributions of human phenomena and how they come about, the social and economic differences between different parts of the world.
4. The core concern of geography as a discipline is to understand the earth as home of human beings and to study all those elements which have sustained them. Thus, emphasis is on study of nature and human beings.
5. Geography got subjected to dualism and the wide-ranging debates started whether geography as a discipline should be a law making/theorising (nomothetic) or descriptive (idiographic).
6. Any other relevant point

(Any five points to be explained) 5×1=5

(C) 5

(D) Australia and Europe

(C) 19.88

(B) George B. Cressey

(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

(C) Number of live births in a year ÷ Estimated midyear population x 1000

(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(A) Stage I

(B) End of the first part of stage II

(A) Low birth rate and low death rate

(C) Thomas Malthus

(B) Only the second stage

(A) Births, deaths and migration

(D) Only first and last stages

(B) Only I and III are correct

(C) Only III and IV are correct

(C) Only I and Last

(B) Only II

(A) Kenya

(C) Migration

(C) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

(A) Stage I has high fertility and high mortality.

(A) Stage II is marked by the reduction in mortality rate.

(A) Both fertility and mortality decline considerably.

(a) Urbanization

(b) Only I, II and III are correct

(a) Natural disasters

(A) High birth rate, low death rate and high immigration.

(D) Statements I and II are correct and Statement II is the correct result of Statement I.

(a) Mexico

(b) Unpleasant climate

(b) Osaka-Kobe region of Japan

(d) Natural disasters

(a) It is used to predict the future population of any area.

(c) Both Statements are correct. Reason correctly explains Assertion.

(B) 400 Million

(C) Stage III: Low Fluctuating

(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(C) I-3, II-1, III-4, IV-2

(C) 400 persons per sq km

(B) The rate of food supply would be faster than the population growth.

(B) II,V

i. Birth Rate- The first stage has high fertility as people reproduce more to compensate for the deaths.
ii. Death Rate- The first stage has high mortality because of the deaths due to epidemics and variable food supply.
iii. The Population Growth Rate - is slow and most of the people are engaged in agriculture where large families are an asset.
iv. Life expectancy is low, people are mostly illiterate and have low levels of technology.
v. Two hundred years ago all the countries of the world were in this stage.
vi. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained) 3×1=3

Birth Rate:
Fertility decline considerably.

Death Rate:
Mortality decline considerably.

Population Growth
The population is either stable or grows slowly. It deliberately controls the family size.

(Three points to be explained) 3×1=3

Birth Rate : Fertility remain high in beginning but it decline in time. 1

Death Rate : Decline in mortality rate due to improvement in sanitation and health conditions. 1

Population Growth : Net addition to population is high. 1

Eg. Peru, Sri Lanka, Kenya.

3×1=3

1. Availability of water : Water is the most important factor in life. So, people prefer to live in areas where freshwater is easily available. Water is used for drinking, bathing, and cooking – and also for cattle, crops, industries, and navigation. It is because of this that river valleys are among the most densely populated areas of the world.
2. Climate : An extreme climate such as very hot or cold deserts is uncomfortable for human habitation. Areas with a comfortable climate, where there is not much seasonal variation attract more people. Areas with very heavy rainfall or extreme and harsh climates have low populations. Mediterranean regions were inhabited from early periods in history due to their pleasant climate.
3. Soils : Fertile soils are important for agricultural and allied activities. Therefore, areas that have fertile loamy soils have more people living in them as these can support intensive agriculture.

(All the three points to be examined) 3×1=3

The three stages of demographic transition theory are as follows :

• The First stage has high fertility and high mortality because people reproduce more to compensate for the deaths due to epidemics and variable food supply. The population growth is slow and most of the people are engaged in agriculture where large families are an asset. Life expectancy is low, people are mostly illiterate and have low levels of technology. Two hundred years ago all the countries of the world were in this stage.
• In the beginning of the Second Stage fertility remains high but it declines with time. This is accompanied by a reduced mortality rate. Improvements in sanitation and health conditions lead to a decline in mortality. Because of this gap, the net addition to the population is high.
• In the Last Stage, both fertility and mortality decline considerably. The population is either stable or grows slowly. The population becomes urbanized, literate, has high technical know-how, and deliberately controls the family size.

(All the three points to be examined) 1+1+1=3

(22.1) High birth rate and decline in death rate. 1

(22.2) In the I stage, both birth and death rate are very high while in stage III both birth and death rate are low. 1

(22.3) Conditions of countries under stage III are :-

1. Urbanised Population.
2. Literate Population.
3. Technologically advanced.
4. Deliberately controls the family size.
5. Any other relevant point.

(Any one point to be explained.) 1

3×1=3

Economic factors influencing the distribution of world population :-

1. Minerals : Areas with mineral deposits attract industries. Mining and industrial activities generate employment and attract large number of people.
2. Urbanisation : Cities offer better employment opportunities, educational and medical facilities, better means of transport and communication.
3. Industrialization : Industrial belts provide job opportunities and attract large numbers of people.
4. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.) 3×1=3

Components of change in world population are :-

1. Birth Rate
2. Death Rate
3. Migration

(All three points to be explained.) 3×1=3

Economic factors affecting population distribution in the world are-

1. Minerals- Aras with mineral deposits attract industries. Mining and industrial activities generate employment. So, skilled and semi-skilled workers move to these areas and make them densely populated.
2. Urbanization- Cities offer better employment opportunities, educational and medical facilities, better means of transportation and communication. Good civic amenities and the attraction of city life draw people to the cities.
3. Industrialization- Industrial belts provide job opportunities and attract a large number of people. These include factory workers, transport operators, shopkeepers, bank employees, doctors, teachers and other service providers.
4. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained). 3×1=3

1. The steam engine replaced human and animal energy and also provided mechanical energy of water and wind.
2. Inoculation against epidemic and other communicable diseases.
3. Improvement in medical facilities and sanitation contributed to rapid decline in death rates throughout the world.
4. In the first stage of demographic transition theory the fertility rate and the mortality rate both were high due to low level of science and technological development.
5. In second stage of demographic transition theory, with the advancement in medical sciences the mortality rate has declined which led to population growth.
6. In third stage, both the fertility rate and mortality rate are low due to the advancement in technology and sciences.
7. Any other relevant point

(Any three points to be explained) 3x1=3

Pattern of population distribution in the world:-

1. Population of the world is unevenly distributed.
2. Asia has many places where people are few and few places where people are many.
3. Patterns of population distribution and density help us to understand the demographic characteristics of any area.
4. The 10 most populous countries of the world contribute about 60% of the world’s population. Of these 10 countries, 6 are located in Asia.
5. Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

3x1=3

Factors influencing migration :-

1. Migration may be permanent, temporary or seasonal. It may take place from rural to urban areas, rural to rural areas, urban to urban areas and urban to rural areas.
2. People migrate for a better economic and social life.
3. The push factors make the place of origin seem less attractive for reasons like unemployment, poor living conditions, political turmoil, unpleasant climate, natural disasters, epidemics and socio-economic backwardness.
4. The pull factors make the place of destination seem more attractive than the place of origin for reasons like better job opportunities and living conditions, peace and stability, security of life and property and pleasant climate.
5. Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be examined.

3x1=3

(19.1) China 1

(19.2) Six countries. 1

(19.3) People prefer living on flat plains. This is because such areas are favourable for the production of crops and to build roads. 1

Land forms :

i. People prefer living on flat plains and gentle slopes.
ii. Plain areas are favourable for the production of crops.
iii. Plain areas are favourable to build roads and industries.
iv. The mountainous and hilly areas hinder the development of transport network, agricultural and industrial development. So these areas are less populated.
v. Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.) 2×1=2

Example:
i. The Ganga plains are among the most densely populated areas of the world while the mountain zones in the Himalayas are scarcely populated. ½
ii. Any other example.

(2+½ = 2½)

Urbanisation :

i. Cities offer better employment opportunities, educational and medical facilities, better means of transport and communication.
ii. Good civic amenities and the attraction of city life draw people to the cities.
iii. It leads to rural to urban migration and cities grow in size.
iv. Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.) 2×1=2

Example :
i. Mega cities like Tokyo, Delhi, Newyork and London, continue to attract large number of migrants every year. ½
ii. Any other example.

(2+½ = 2½)

2½ + 2½ = 5

Water Availabilty :

i. Water is the most important factor for life. So people prefer to live in areas where fresh water is easily available.
ii. Water is used for drinking, bathing and cooking.
iii. It is also used for cattle, crops, industries and navigation.
iv. Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.) 2×1=2

Example:
i. River valleys like Ganga or Nile are densely populated areas of the world. ½
ii. Any other example.

(2+½ = 2½)

Industrialisation :

i. Industrial belts provide job opportunities and attract large number of people.
ii. These include transport operators, shopkeepers etc.
iii. These also attract institutions like banks, consultancies, research institutes and educational centres etc.
v. Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.) 2×1=2

Example:
i. The Kobe-Osaka industrial region of Japan is thickly populated. ½
ii. Any other example.

(2+½ = 2½)

2½ + 2½ = 5

Factors affecting population change :

1. Population is not a static factor. It keeps on changing.
2. Birth is the most important component of the increase in population.
3. If the world fertility rate decreases, the population would be low and if the fertility rate is high, the population growth would be high.
4. Mortality brings major change. If large no. of deaths occurs then the population growth would be negative.
5. Migration of people to other countries decreases the population of mother country.
6. Immigration from other countries increases the population.
7. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained) 5×1=5

Immigration : Migrants, who move into a new place are called immigrants. 1

Emigration : Migrants, who move out of a place are called emigrants. 1

Demographic Transition theory

1. Demographic Transition theory can be used to describe and predict the future population of any area.
2. The theory tells us that the population of any region changes from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses from rural, agrarian and illiterate state to an urban, industrial and literate one.
3. The first stage has high fertility and high mortality, slow population growth due to epidemics and variable food supply.
4. The second stage is marked with high fertility in the beginning but decline with time, reduced mortality rate due to improvement in sanitation and health.
5. The last stage both fertility and mortality decline considerably, population is either stable or grows slowly due to urbanised and literate population.
6. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be analyzed.) 3×1=3

2+3=5

Geographical Factors

(I) Availability of Water :

1. Essential for life (drinking, bathing, cooking).
2. Crucial for agriculture, livestock, industries, and transportation (navigation).
3. River valleys are densely populated.

(II) Landforms :

1. People prefer flat plains and gentle slopes.
2. These areas are favourable for agriculture, road construction, and industrial development.
3. Mountainous and hilly areas are less populated due to uneven land.
4. The Ganga plains are densely populated, while Himalayan mountain zones are sparsely populated.

(III) Climate :

1. Extreme climates (hot or cold deserts) are unfavourable for habitation.
2. Comfortable climates with minimal seasonal variation attract more people.
3. Areas with heavy rainfall or harsh climates have low population.
4. Mediterranean regions attract population due to their pleasant climate.

(IV) Soils :

1. Fertile soils are important for agricultural and allied activities.
2. Areas having fertile loamy soils have more people living on them.

Economic Factor :

(V) Minerals :

1. Mining and industrial activities generate employment as mineral deposits attract industries.
2. Skilled and semi-skilled workers move to these areas making them densely populated.
3. Katanga Zambia copper belt is one such example.

(VI) Urbanisation :

1. Cities offer better employment opportunities, educational and medical facilities.
2. Cities provide better means of transport and communication.
3. Good civic amenities attract people to the cities.
4. It leads to rural-urban migration and cities grow in size.
5. Mega cities of the world continue to attract large numbers of migrants every year.

(VII) Industrialisation :

1. Industrial belts provide job opportunities and attract large numbers of people.
2. The Kobe-Osaka region of Japan is thickly populated because of the presence of many industries.

(VIII) Social and Cultural Factors :

1. Places with religious or cultural significance attract the population.
2. Social and political unrest cause people to move away.
3. Government incentives can influence population distribution in sparsely populated or overcrowded areas.

(IX) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be analysed.) 5×1=5

Factors affecting distribution of population in the world :

1. Availability of water : Water is the most important factor for life. So, people prefer to live in areas where fresh water is easily available. Landforms : People prefer living on flat plains and gentle slopes. This is because such areas are favourable for the production of crops and to build roads and industries.
2. Climate : An extreme climate such as very hot or cold deserts are uncomfortable for human habitation. Areas with a comfortable climate, where there is not much seasonal variation attract more people. Areas with very heavy rainfall or extreme and harsh climates have low population.
3. Soils : Fertile soils are important for agricultural and allied activities. Therefore, areas which have fertile loamy soils have more people living on them as these can support intensive agriculture.
4. Minerals : Areas with mineral deposits attract industries. Mining and industrial activities generate employment.
5. Urbanisation : Cities offer better employment opportunities, educational and medical facilities, better means of transport and communication. Good civic amenities and the attraction of city life draw people to the cities.
6. Industrialisation : Industrial belts provide job opportunities and attract large numbers of people. These include not just factory workers but also transport operators, shopkeepers, bank employees, doctors, teachers and other service providers.
7. Social and Cultural Factors : Some places attract more people because they have religious or cultural significance. In the same way – people tend to move away from places where there is social and political unrest. Many a times governments offer incentives to people to live in sparsely populated areas or move away from overcrowded places.
8. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be analysed) 5×1=5

Migration : Movement of people from place of origin to place of destination. 1

Difference between pull and push factors :

1. Push factors at the place of origin and pull factors at the place of destinations.
2. Unemployment, poor living conditions, political turmoil, unpleasant climate, natural disasters, epidemics and socio-economic backwardness are the push factors whereas better job opportunities and living conditions, peace and stability, security of life and property and pleasant climate (are the pull factors).
3. Inadequate infrastructure (e.g., transportation, housing, utilities) can diminish the quality of life. Whereas well-developed infrastructure and access to services enhance the attractiveness of a destination.
4. Social strife, ethnic or racial discrimination, and lack of community support push people to search for more favourable environments.
5. Regions offering advanced medical facilities and reputable educational institutions are attractive to families and individuals alike.
6. Any other relevant point.

(Any four points of difference to be explained) 4×1=4

1+4=5

(i) Availability of water is most important factor for life. People prefer to live in areas where fresh supply of water is available.

(ii) Relief of the land : People prefer to live on plains or gentle slopes. Plain areas abounds in population Satluj Ganga Plain is most densely populated.

(iii) Suitable climate : People do not prefer to live in areas of harsh climate. Suitable climate attracts population.

(iv) Soils : Soils are basis of agriculture. Areas with fertile soils support heavy pressure of population.

(v) Mineral ; mineral rich area also support heavy pressure of population.

(vi) Urbanization; Cities offer better employment opportunities, educational and medical facilities, better means of transport and communications.

(vii) Industrialization; Industrial belts provide job opportunities and attract large numbers of people.

(viii) Social and Cultural factors.

(ix) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be analyzed)

5x1=5

Factors influencing the distribution of the world population-

(A) Economic factor

1. Minerals
2. Urbanisation
3. Industralisation

To be examined as a whole. 2½

(B) Cultural factors

1. Some places attract more people as they have cultural significance.
2. People tend to move away from places where there is a social and cultural unrest.
3. Government offer incentives to people to live in sparsely populated areas
4. People move away from over crowded places.
5. Any other relevant point

To be examined as a whole. 2½

2½+2½=5

The following geographical factors influence the distribution of population all over the world :

1. Availability of water.
2. Nature of landscape/landforms.
3. Nature of soils.
4. Adequate rainfall.
5. Climate
6. Any other relevant point

(Any 5 points need to be explained.) 1×5=5

Economic Factors:

1. Minerals
2. Urbanisation
3. Industrialisation
4. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.) 3×1=3

Social factors :

1. Religious
2. Cultural
3. Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.) 2×1=2

3+2=5

(B) Only I, II and IV are correct

(D) a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii

(B) 4

(C) Medium

(D) Belarus

(D) Meaningful life

(B) Only I, II and IV are correct

(D) Singapore

(C) III, II, I, IV

(A) Asia or (C) Europe (Any one of it)

NOTE: Marks to be awarded if the examinee writes either of the two options- (A) Asia or (C) Europe.

(A) Such countries invest more in social sector.

(C) a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii

(D) Only I, III and IV are correct.

(A) Maximum investment in social sector.

(D) Society oriented policies

(C) 0.149

(C) Europe

(B) III, IV, I, II

(A) Austria – Europe

(C) Amartya Sen

(B) Welfare Approach

(B) Growth may be positive or negative, but development is always positive.

(B) a – iv, b – iii, c – i, d – ii

(B) Only I, II, and IV are correct

(A) Gross National Happiness (GNH)

(D) Only I, II, and IV are correct.

(C) Capability

(D) Basic Needs

(A) Education and healthcare

(B) Higher investment in social sector

(C) 53

(c) Basic need

(c) Australia

(C) Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq

(C) Basic Needs Approach

(D) Economic disadvantage

(D) Strengthening policies on environmental sustainability and social equity

(B) 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c

(D) Iceland and Denmark

i) Sustainability refers to the continuity in the availability of opportunities.
ii) Each generation must have the same opportunities to have sustainable human development.
iii) All environmental, financial, and human resources should be used judiciously to keep future in mind.
iv) Misuse of any of these resources will lead to fewer opportunities for future generations.
v) Each generation must ensure the availability of choices and opportunities to its future generations.
vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be examined) 3×1=3

i) Productivity means human labour productivity or productivity in terms of human work.
ii) Productivity must be constantly enriched by building capabilities in people.
iii) It is people who are the real wealth of nations.
iv) Therefore, efforts to increase their knowledge, or provide better health facilities ultimately leads to better work efficiency.
v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained) 3×1=3

i) Empowerment means to have the power to make choices.
ii) Such power comes from increasing freedom and capability.
iii) Good governance and people- oriented policy are required to empower people.
iv) The empowerment of socially and economically disadvantaged groups is of special importance.
v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained) 3×1=3

1. This approach looks at human beings as beneficiaries or targets of all development activities.
2. The approach argues for higher government expenditure on education, health, social secondary and amenities.
3. People are not participants in development but only passive recipients.
4. The government is responsible for increasing the levels of human development by maximizing the expenditure on welfare.
5. Any other relevant point.

(Three points to be explained) 3×1=3

1. This approach was initially proposed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO).
2. Based on basic needs of the human beings.
3. Six basic needs are – health, education, food, water supply, sanitation and housing.
4. The question of human choices is ignored and emphasis is on provision of basic needs.
5. Any other relevant point.

(Three points to be explained) 3×1=3

(18.1)

1. Access to resources
2. Health
3. Education

(Any two points to be considered) ½ + ½ = 1

(18.2)

1. Inability to acquire knowledge.
2. Material Poverty.
3. Social discrimination
4. Inefficiency of institutions

(Any two points to be considered) ½ + ½ = 1

(18.3)

1. Lack of health
2. Lack of education
3. Lack of access to resources

(Any one point to be explained) 1

3×1=3

The ways to measure human development are-

1. The HDI ranks the countries based on their performance in the key areas of health, education and access to resources.
2. Newer ways of capturing different elements of human development are being researched.
3. Researchers have found links between the level of corruption or political freedom in a particular region.
4. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained). 3×1=3

Arguments to support equity for making equal access to opportunities available to everybody-

1. The opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of other gender, race, income and in the Indian case-caste.
2. Yet this is very often not the case and happens in almost every society.
3. In any country, it is interesting to see which group the most of the school dropouts belong to. This should then lead to an understanding of the reasons for such behavior.
4. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained). 3×1=3

1. Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities.
2. To have sustainable human development, each generation must have the same opportunities
3. All environmental, financial and human resources must be used keeping in mind the future.
4. For example, If a community does not stress the importance of sending its girl children to school many opportunities will be lost to these young women when they grow up.
5. Any other relevant point. One example also to be given.

(Any three points to be explained) 3x1=3

1. This approach looks at human beings as beneficiaries or targets of all development activities.
2. The approach argues for higher government expenditure on education, health etc
3. People are not participants in development but only passive recipients
4. The govt. is responsible for increasing levels of human development by maximizing expenditure on welfare.
5. For example, High level HDI group of countries like Norway, Sweden do a lot of investment on social welfare activities / schemes.
6. Any other relevant point. One example also to be given.

(Any three points to be explained.) 3x1=3

1. Basic Needs Approach was proposed by ILO (International Labour Organisation).
2. Six basic needs i.e. health, education, food, water supply, sanitation and housing were identified.
3. The question of human choices is ignored.
4. Emphasis is on the provision of basic needs of defined sections.
5. Any other relevant point

(Any three points to be explained.) 3x1=3

1. This approach looks at human beings as beneficiaries or targets of all development activities.
2. This approach argues for higher government expenditure on education, health, social security and amenities.
3. People are not participants in development but only passive recipients.
4. The government is responsible for increasing level of human development by maximizing expenditure on welfare.
5. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.) 3x1=3

Causes for the Low level of human development:

1. Political turmoil in the country.
2. Social instability and civil war-like conditions.
3. Famines or high incidence of diseases.
4. Any other relevant point

Any three points to be explained 3×1=3

Causes for the high level of human development:

1. Development in education.
2. Better health facilities.
3. Political stability in the country.
4. Higher investment on people and good governance.
5. Any other relevant point

Any three points to be explained 3×1=3

1. Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody.
2. The opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and caste.
3. In India a large number of women and persons belonging to socially and economically backward groups dropout of the schools. This shows how the choices of these groups get limited by not having access to knowledge.
4. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.) 3×1=3

1. Most of these are countries which have emerged in the period after the Second World War.
2. Some countries from this group were former colonies.
3. Many countries have emerged after the break up of the erstwhile Soviet Union in 1990.
4. To rapidly improve their human development score these countries have adopting more people-oriented policies.
5. These countries are also reducing social discrimination.
6. Most of these countries have a very high social diversity.
7. Many countries have faced political instability and social uprisings at some point of time in their recent history.
8. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.) 3×1=3

4.1 Multidimensional concept of development : Encapsulating wide-spread improvement in social as well as material well being of all in a society, viz. living standard of people, availing of the health, education and equality of opportunity and ensuring political and civil rights. 1

4.2 Growth is quantitative and value neutral while development means a qualitative change which is always value positive. 1

4.3 Sustainable development takes care of ecological, social and economic aspects of development during the present times and pleads for conservation of resources to enable the future generations to use the resources. 1

(explanation given by the students should be considered, if it conveys the same meaning.)

1. The HDI measures a country’s Gross National Income per capita, education, and life expectancy.
2. The report highlighted that half of the world’s poorest nations continued to remain below their pre-COVID crisis levels.
3. The three highest-ranked countries in the 2023 HDI were Switzerland, Norway, and Iceland.

1+1+1=3

The concept of human development was introduced by Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq. Dr Haq has described human development as development that enlarges people’s choices and improves their lives. People are central to all development under this concept. The basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can live meaningful lives. Leading a long and healthy life, being able to gain knowledge and having enough means to be able to live a decent life are the most important aspects of human development. Therefore, access to resources, health and education are the key areas in human development. (3)

Human Development is the development that enlarges people’s choices and improves their lives. People are central to all development as per this concept. 1

The four approaches to human development are :

1. Income approach - This is one of the oldest approaches to human development. Human development is seen as being linked to income. The idea is that the level of income reflects the level of freedom, an individual enjoys. Higher level of income, higher is the level of human development.
2. Welfare approach - The approach looks at human beings as beneficiaries or targets of all development activities. The approach argues for higher government expenditure on education, health, social, secondary, and amenities. People are not participants in development, but only passive recipients. The government is responsible for increasing levels of human development by maximizing expenditure on welfare.
3. Basic needs approach - This approach was initially proposed by the International Labour Organization. Six basic needs i.e., health, education, food, water supply, sanitation, and housing were identified. The question of human choices is ignored and the emphasis is on the provisions of basic need.
4. Capability approach - This approach is associated with Professor Amartya Sen. Building human capabilities in the areas of health, education, and access to resources is the key to increasing human development.

(All the four approaches to be examined) 4×1=4

1+4=5

1. The growth is quantitative and value neutral.
2. Growth may have a positive or a negative sign, it means that the changes may be either positive or negative whereas,
3. Development means a qualitative change which is always value positive,
4. Development cannot take place unless there is an increment or addition to the existing conditions.
5. Development occurs when positive growth takes place.
6. Yet, positive growth does not lead to development. Development occurs when there is a positive change in quality.
7. For example, if the population of a city grows from one lakh to two lakhs over a period of time. It shows the city has grown. However, if facilities like housing, the provision of basic services and other characteristics remain the same, then this growth has not been accompanied by development.
8. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be given to differentiate) 5×1=5

Measures of Human Development Index:

Human development index (HDI) ranks the countries based on their performance in the key areas of health, education and access to resources. These ranking are based on a score between 0 to 1. The closer score is to one the greater is the level of human development. 2

Key Areas:-

1. Health:- The indicator chosen to assess health is the life expectancy at birth.
2. Access to knowledge: The adult literacy rate and the gross enrollment ratio represent access to knowledge.
3. Access to resources: It is measured in terms of purchasing power (US $).
4. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.) 3x1=1

2+3=5

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) 1

Pillars of human development

1. Equity
2. Sustainability
3. Productivity
4. Empowerment

All pillars to be explained 4x1=4

1+4=5

Norway 1

Approaches of human development.

1. Income Approach
2. Welfare Approach
3. Basic Needs Approach
4. Capability Approach

(All the approaches to be explained) 4x1=4

1+4=5

Income approach :

1. It is the oldest approach.
2. Human development is seen linking to income.
3. Level of income reflects level of freedom that people enjoy.
4. Higher level of income means higher level of human development.
5. Any other relevant point.

To be assessed as a whole. 2.5

Welfare approach :

1. Human beings are supposed to be the beneficiaries or targets of all kinds of developmental activities.
2. It argues for higher level of government expenditure on health, education and other facilities.
3. People are not the participants in development but only the passive recipients.
4. Government is completely responsible for the level of human development.
5. It is government’s responsibility to maximise expenditure on people’s welfare.
6. Any other relevant point.

To be assessed as a whole. 2.5

2.5+2.5=5

(C) Southeast Asia

(A) Horticulture

(D) New Zealand

(C) (A) is correct, but (R) is incorrect.

(A) North-Western European Region

(C) Only i, iii and iv are correct.

(C) Only I, III and IV are correct

(A) Only I, II and IV are correct.

(B) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(D) Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation

(A) 1-(ii), 2-(i), 3-(iv), 4-(iii)

(B) Plantation agriculture

(d) Vegetable production

(a) North Western Europe

(a) Mixed farming

(A) Only I and II are correct

(b) Involves primitive societies

(c) A wide variety of cattle are reared in different regions.

(B) Equal emphasis is laid on crop cultivation and animal husbandry.

(18.1) The Canadian and American prairies. 1

(18.2) Wheat/ corn/ barley/ oats / rye. (Any two) ½+½=1

(18.3)

i) In this area commercial grain farming is practiced.
ii) It is practised on large sized farms.
iii) Entire operations of cultivation from ploughing to harvesting are Mechanised.
iv) per acre yield is low but per person yield is high.
v) Any other relevant point

(Any one point to be explained) 1

(18.1) Madagascar 1

(18.2) Reindeer 1

(18.3) The main characteristic of nomadic herding are-

i. Nomadic herding or pastoral nomadism is a primitive subsistence activity.
ii. The herders rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter, tools and transport.
iii. They move from one place to another along with their livestock, depending on the amount and quality of pastures and water.
iv. Each nomadic community occupies a well-identified territory.
v. A wide variety of animals is kept in different regions.
vi. Any other relevant point.

(Any one characteristic to be described) 1

1+1+1=3

(19.1) North Western Europe 1

(19.2) South-eastern part of Australia / Tasmania 1

(19.3)

1. It is highly capital intensive.
2. It is highly labour intensive.
3. There is no off season during the year.
4. It is practiced near urban and industrial centres.
5. Any other relevant point.

(Any one point to be explained) 1

3×1=3

(18.1) Many species have become extinct or endangered due to illegal hunting (poaching). 1

(18.2) The early hunters used primitive tools made of stones, twigs, or arrows so the number of animals killed was limited. 1

(18.3) Early man had limited knowledge/no access to technology/and no transportation. 1

3×1=3

(19.1)

1. Surface mining (Open cast mining)
2. Underground mining (Shaft mining)

½ + ½ = 1

(19.2)

1. In open-cast mining operating costs is low, while in underground mining operating costs is high due to specialized equipment and safety measures.
2. Open-cast mining is generally considered safer where as underground mining has higher risk of accidents (falling of roofs, gas explosions, flooding, suffocation).
3. Open-cast mining leads to surface disruption, habitat destruction, and air pollution, where as in underground mining less surface disruption, but potential for subsidence and groundwater contamination.
4. Any other relevant point

(Any one point to be explained) 1

(19.3) Underground mining method (shaft method) 1

3×1=3

(19.1)

1. Surface mining is cheapest while underground mining is costly.
2. It is practiced when the mineral is found close to the surface while underground mining is practiced when the mineral is found deep below the surface.
3. Surface mining is safe while underground mining is risky.
4. Surface mining is called open-cast or strip mining, whereas, underground mining is called shaft mining.
5. Any other relevant point.

Any one of the above point. (1)

(19.2) Because it occurs close to the surface. (1)

(19.3) It is underground mining, therefore, Poisonous gases, fires, floods and caving in lead to fatal accidents. (1)

i. The earliest human beings subsisted on animals which they hunted and the edible plants which they gathered from forests in the vicinity.
ii. Gathering and hunting are the oldest economic activities known.
iii. Primitive societies depended on wild animals. People located in very cold and extremely hot climates survived on hunting.
iv. The people in coastal areas still catch fish though fishing has experienced modernisation due to technological progress.
v. The early hunters used primitive tools made of stones, twigs or arrows so the number of animals killed were limited.
vi. These activities are carried out at different levels with different orientations.
vii. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be examined) 5×1=5

i. Commercial livestock rearing is essentially associated with western culture and is practiced on permanent ranches whereas in Nomadic herding there are no permanent ranches and each nomadic community occupies a well-identified territory as a matter of tradition.
ii. The ranches cover large area divided into a number of parcels, which are fenced to regulate grazing whereas the nomads move from one place to another along with their livestock, depending on the amount and quality of pastures and water.
iii. Commercial livestock rearing is a specialised activity in which only one type of animal is reared whereas in Nomadic herding a variety of animals are kept in different regions.
iv. In Commercial livestock rearing of animals in ranching is organised on scientific basis. The main emphasis is on breeding, genetic improvement, disease control and health care whereas it is not present in Nomadic herding.
v. In Commercial livestock rearing animals are reared for meat, wool, hides and skin which are processed and packed scientifically and exported to different world markets whereas in Nomadic herding or pastoral nomadism herders rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter, tools and transport.
vi. Any other relevant point

(Any five points to be examined.) 5×1=5

i) Mixed farms are moderate in size.
ii) Usually the crops associated with it are wheat, barley, oats, rye, fodder and root crops.
iii) Fooder crops are an important components of this farming.
iv) Crop rotation and inter-cropping plays an important role in maintaining soil fertility.
v) Equal emphasis is laid on crop cultivation and animal husbandry.
vi) It is characterised by high capital expenditure on farm machinery.
vii) Extensive use of chemical fertilizers and green manure.
viii) This type of agriculture is practised in North-western Europe, Eastern North America, parts of Eurasia and temperate latitudes of southern continents.
ix) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained) 5×1=5

i) Market gardening is specialize in the cultivation of high value crops. Such as vegetables, fruits and flowers.
ii) Farms are small and are located where there are good transportation links with urban centres.
iii) It lays emphasis on the use of irrigation, HYV seeds.
iv) It emphasis on use of fertilizers, insecticides, green houses and artificial heating in colder regions.
v) It is well developed in densely populated industrial districts of north west Europe, north eastern United States of America and Mediterranean regions.
vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained) 5×1=5

1. Gathering is one of the oldest economic activity but in modern times gathering is market oriented.
2. Gatherer collects valuable plants such as leaves, bark of trees and medicinal plants after simple processing, they sell the products in the market.
3. They use various parts of the plant.
4. The bark is used for quinine.
5. Nuts for food and oil.
6. Tree trunk yield rubber, balata, gums and resins.
7. Tanin extract and cork leaves supply material for beverages, drugs, cosmetics, fibres, thatch and fabric.
8. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained) 5×1=5

1. Commercial livestock rearing is associated with western culture where as nomadic herding is a primitive subsistence activity.
2. Commercial livestock rearing is practised on permanent ranches, but the nomadic herders move from one place to other in search of pastures for their animals.
3. These ranches cover larger areas and are divided into parcels, while Nomadic herding is dependent on the amount of pasture and water. Each nomadic community occupies a well-identified territory.
4. Commercial livestock rearing is a specialised activity in which only one type of animal is reared, whereas in Nomadic herding a wide variety of animals are kept.
5. In commercial livestock rearing, animals such as sheep, goats, cattle and horses are reared and products such as meat, wool, hide and skin are processed and packed scientifically and exported to world markets, whereas in Nomadic herding animals are reared for subsistence.
6. In Commercial livestock rearing emphasis is on breeding, genetic improvement, disease control and healthcare of animals, whereas in Nomadic herding animals are reared traditionally.
7. All activities of Commercial livestock rearing are capital-intensive, whereas Nomadic herding is traditional.
8. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained) 5×1=5

1. Dairy is the most advanced and efficient type of rearing of milch animals.
2. It is practised mainly near urban and industrial centres which provide neighbourhood market for fresh milk and dairy products.
3. The development of transportation, refrigeration, pasteurisation and other preservation processes are easily available near urban areas.
4. It is highly capital intensive. Animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching machines add to the cost of dairy farming.
5. Special emphasis is laid on cattle breeding, health care and veterinary services are available more in the urban centres. It is highly labour intensive.
6. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be justified.) 5×1=5

1. Market gardening and horticulture specialises in the cultivation of high value crops such as vegetables, fruits and flowers solely for urban markets.
2. Farms located where there are good transportation links with the urban centres where high income group of consumers is located.
3. It is both labour and capital intensive.
4. It lays emphasis on HYV seeds, insecticides, green houses and artificial heating in colder regions.
5. The Netherlands specialises in growing flowers and horticulture crops especially Tulips which are flown to all major cities of Europe.
6. The regions where farmers specialise in vegetables only, the farming is known as Truck farming.
7. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be justified) 5×1=5

1. It is a capital-intensive activity.
2. Commercial livestock ranching is practised on large permanent ranches.
3. These ranches cover large areas and are divided into parcels which are fenced to regulate the grazing.
4. The number of animals in a pasture is kept according to the carrying capacity of the pasture.
5. Only one type of animal is reared. Important animals include sheep, cattle, goats and horses.
6. Products such as meat, wool, hides and skin are processed and packed scientifically and exported to different world markets.
7. The main emphasis is on breeding, genetic improvement, disease control and health care of the animals.
8. New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay and the United States of America are important countries where commercial livestock rearing is practised.
9. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be examined.) 5×1=5

Main features of plantation agriculture in the world are :-

1. This agriculture was introduced by the Europeans in colonies situated in the tropics.
2. Important plantation crops are Tea, Coffee, Cocoa, Rubber, Cotton, Oil Palm, Sugarcane, Bananas and Pineapples.
3. Large estates.
4. Large capital investment.
5. Managerial and technical support.
6. Scientific methods of cultivation.
7. Single crop specialisation.
8. Cheap labour.
9. Good system of transportation.
10. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be analysed.) 5×1=5

Main features of nomadic herding in the world are :-

1. It is a primitive subsistence activity.
2. The herders rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter, tools and transport.
3. They move from one place to another along with their livestock, depending on the amount and quality of pastures and water.
4. Each nomadic community occupies a well-identified territory as a matter of tradition.
5. A wide variety of animals is kept in different regions.
6. Example in tropical Africa cattle are most important livestock, reindeer are most important livestock in sub Arctic areas.
7. Pastoral nomadism is associated with three important regions such as the core region extends from the Atlantic shores of North Africa eastwards across the Arabian Peninsula into Mongolia and Central China.
8. Second region extends over the tundra region of Eurasia.
9. In the southern hemisphere small areas in South-West Africa and Island of Madagascar.
10. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be analysed.) 5×1=5

1. Imposition of political boundaries.
2. New settlement plans by government.
3. Urbanisation and agriculture : e.g. In India, communities like Gujjars and Bakarwals in Jammu & Kashmir have seen their traditional grazing routes blocked due to development projects.
4. Some government encourage nomadic community to settle permanently for easier administration.
5. Education is also helpful in providing other employments in other areas.
6. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.) 5×1=5

1. It is practised in the countries on either side of the Mediterranean sea in Europe and in North Africa from Tunisia to Atlantic coast.
2. Grape cultivation is the speciality of this region.
3. Best quality wines in the world are produced from high quality grapes.
4. The inferior grapes are dried into raisins and currants.
5. This region also produces olive and figs.
6. Fruits and vegetables are largely grown and they have high demand in Europe and America.
7. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.) 5×1=5

Main features of Plantation Agriculture in the world are:-

1. It was Introduced by Europeans in colonies situated in the tropics.
2. Important Crops are Tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cotton, oil palm, sugarcane, bananas and pineapples.
3. Large estates or plantations.
4. Large capital investment.
5. Managerial and technical support
6. Scientific methods of cultivation.
7. Cheap labour.
8. Single crop specialisation.
9. A good system of transportation which links the estates to the factories and markets for the export of the products.
10. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be analysed.) 5x1=5

Features of Extensive commercial Grain Cultivation are:-

1. Practised in the interior parts of semi-arid lands of the mid-latitudes.
2. Wheat is the principal crop, though other crops like barley, oats and rye are also grown.
3. The size of the farm is very large.
4. Entire operations are mechanised.
5. There is low yield per acre but high yield per person.
6. Best developed in Eurasian Steppes, the Canadian and American Prairies, the Pampas of Argentina, the Velds of South Africa, the Australian Downs and the Canterbury plains of New Zealand.
7. Any other relevant point

(Any five points to be analysed.) 5x1=5

1. Plantation agriculture was introduced by the Europeans in colonies situated in the tropics.
2. Some of the important plantation crops are tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cotton, oil palm, sugarcane.
3. Large estates or plantations, large capital investment.
4. Require managerial and technical support.
5. Scientific methods of cultivation.
6. Single crop specialization.
7. Require cheap labor and a good system of transportation which links the estates to the factories and markets for the export of the products.
8. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be described). 5×1=5

1. Commercial grain cultivation is practiced in the interior parts of semi-arid lands of the mid-latitudes.
2. Wheat is the principal crop though other crops like corn, barley, oats, and rye are also gown.
3. The size of the farm is very large. Therefore, entire operations of cultivation from ploughing to harvesting are mechanized.
4. There is low yield per acre but high yield per person.
5. This type of agriculture is best developed in Eurasian steppes.
6. In Canada and USA, Prairies are the producing areas.
7. In South America, Pampas is the major producing area, Veldt in S. Africa, Downs in Australia, and the Canterbury Plains in New Zealand.
8. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be described). 5×1=5

1. This form of agriculture is found in the highly developed parts of the world.
2. Mixed farms are moderate in size and usually the crops associated with it are wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize, and root crops.
3. Fodder crops are an important component of mixed farming.
4. Crop rotation and inter cropping play an important role in maintaining soil fertility.
5. Equal emphasis is laid on crop cultivation and animal husbandry.
6. Mixed farming is characterized by high capital expenditure on farm machinery and building.
7. For example, North-Western Europe, Eastern North America and Parts of Eurasia are the regions.
8. Any other relevant points

(Any five points to be explained) 5x1=5

1. Dairy farming is the most advanced and efficient type of rearing of milch animals.
2. It is highly capital intensive.
3. Animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching machines are found.
4. Special emphasis is laid on cattle breeding, health care and veterinary services.
5. It is highly labour intensive as it involves rigorous care in feeding and milching
6. It is practiced mainly near urban and industrial centres which provide neighbourhood market for fresh milk and dairy products.
7. Main regions of commercial dairy farming are North Western Europe, Canada and South Eastern Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania
8. Any other relevant point

(Any five points to be explained.) 5x1=5

(i) Commercial livestock rearing is more organised and capital intensive.

(ii) Commercial livestock ranching is essentially associated with western cultures and is practised on permanent ranches.

(iii) These ranches cover large area and are divided into a number of parcels, which are fenced to regulate the grazing.

(iv) When the grass of one parcel is grazed, animals are moved to another parcel.

(v) The number of animals in a pasture is kept according to the carrying capacity of the pasture.

(vi) Rearing of animals in ranching is organized on a scientific basis.

(vii) Any other relevant point

(Any five points to be described)

5x1=5

(i) A Group of farmers from a Co-operative society by pooling is their resources voluntarily for more efficient and profitable farming is known as Co-operative farming.

(ii) Individual farms remain intact and farming is a matter of cooperative initiative.

(iii) Co-operative societies help farmers to procure all important inputs of farming.

(iv) Cooperative societies sale the products at the most favorable terms and help in processing of quality products at cheaper rates.

(v) Co-operative movement originated over a century ago and has been successful in many western European countries.

(vi) In Denmark this movement has been so successful that practically every farmer is a member of a cooperative society.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be examined)

5x1=5

(i) This is most advanced and efficient type of rearing milch animals.

(ii) It is highly capital intensive.

(iii) Special emphasis laid on cattle breeding.

(iv) Health care and Veterinary services are provided

(v) It is labour intensive also as it involves on milching, transporting milk to market centers and caring animals.

(vi) It is practiced near urban and industrial centers which provide neighborhood market for dairy products.

(vii) The development of transportation, refrigeration, pasteurization and other preservation processes have increased the duration of storage of various dairy products.

(viii) N.W. Europe, Canada, New Zealand etc. are the main dairy centers.

(ix) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be examined)

5x1=5

1. It is also called shifting or slash and burn agriculture.
2. Many tribals in the tropical areas practice this type of cultivation.
3. It is being practised in many areas of South east Asia, Africa, South and Central America.
4. The size of the field is very small and the cultivation is done with primitive tools such as sticks and hoes.
5. When the soil loses fertility, they leave that area and clear some other land for cultivation.
6. It is known as Jhooming in North east India, Milpa in Central America and Mexico, Ladang in Indonesia and Malaysia.
7. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.) 5x1=5

1. This type of livestock rearing is more organised and capital intensive.
2. Cattle are reared on large and permanent ranches and it is essentially associated with western culture.
3. Ranches are divided into a number of parcels which are fenced to regulate the grazing.
4. It is specialised in the rearing of one type of animal like cattle, sheep, horses and goats.
5. In this, products such as meat, wool, hide and skin are processed and packed scientifically mainly for export.
6. The emphasis is given on genetic improvement, breeding, disease control and health care of the animals.
7. New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay and USA are the major countries where commercial rearing is done.
8. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.) 5x1=5

Features of the Plantation agriculture :

i. This type of farming is done on large estates.
ii. It is a single crop cultivation.
iv. It depends upon large capital investment.
v. Scientific methods of cultivation
vi. It requires managerial and technical support.
vii. Cheap labour and good system of transportation to link the estates to the factories and markets for the export of the products.
vii. Any other relevant point

Any five points to be explained 5×1=5

Features of market gardening and horticulture

i. It specialises in high value crops as vegetables, fruits and flowers.
iii. It largely caters to the urban market.
iv. Farms are small but located in areas of good transport facility.
v. It is both labour and capital intensive.
vi. Emphasis is on use of irrigation, HYV seeds, fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides.
vii. Green houses and artificial heating in colder regions.
vii. Any other relevant point

Any five points to be explained 5×1=5

1. Gathering is practised in high latitude zones which include northern Canada, northern Eurasia and southern Chile.
2. Low latitude zones such as the Amazon Basin, tropical Africa, Northern fringe of Australia and the interior parts of Southeast Asia.
3. In modern times some gathering is market oriented and has become commercial.
4. Gatherers collect valuable plants such as leaves, barks of trees and medicinal plants and after simple processing sell the products in the market.
5. They use various parts of the plants, for example, the bark is used for quinine, tannin extract and cork—leaves supply materials for beverages, drugs, cosmetics, fibres, thatch and fabrics; nuts for food and oils and tree trunk yield rubber, balata, gums and resins.
6. Any other relevant point

(Any five points to be examined) 5×1=5

1. Nomadic herding or pastoral nomadism is a primitive subsistence activity, in which the herders rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter, tools and transport.
2. They move from one place to another along with their livestock, depending on the amount and quality of pastures and water.
3. Each nomadic community occupies a well-identified territory as a matter of tradition.
4. A wide variety of animals is kept in different regions.
5. In tropical Africa, cattle are the most important livestock, while in Sahara and Asiatic deserts, sheep, goats and camel are reared.
6. In the mountainous areas of Tibet and Andes, yak and llamas and in the Arctic and sub Arctic areas, reindeer are the most important animals.
7. Any other relevant point

(Any five points to be examined) 5×1=5

Pastoral nomadism or Nomadic herding is a primitive subsistence activity, in which the herders rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter, tools and transport. They move from one place to another along with their livestock, depending on the amount and quality of pastures and water. Each nomadic community occupies a well-identified territory as a matter of tradition.

A wide variety of animals is kept in different regions. In tropical Africa, cattle are the most important livestock, while in Sahara and Asiatic deserts, sheep, goats and camel are reared. In the mountainous areas of Tibet and Andes, yak and llamas and in the Arctic and sub Arctic areas, reindeer are the most important animals.

The process of migration from plain areas to pastures on mountains during summers and again from mountain pastures to plain areas during winters is known as transhumance. In mountain regions, such as Himalayas, Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis and Bhotiyas migrate from plains to the mountains in summers and to the plains from the high altitude pastures in winters. Similarly, in the tundra regions, the nomadic herders move from south to north in summers and from north to south in winters.

Factors Affecting Mining Activity:

1. Physical factors include the size, grade and the mode of occurrence of the deposits.
2. Economic factors such as the demand for the mineral, technology available and used, capital to develop infrastructure and the labour and transport costs.

The developed economies are retreating from mining, processing and refining stages of production due to high labour costs, while the developing countries with large labour force and striving for higher standard of living are becoming more important. Several countries of Africa and few of south America and Asia have over fifty per cent of the earnings from minerals alone.

2+3=5

Any five differences. (2½+2½=5)

(D) Cement industry

(B) I, III and IV are correct

(D) Paper

(C) Only I, II and IV are correct

(B) Only I, II and IV are correct.

(C) Lac

(A) Accessibility by road network

(C) Only I, III and IV are correct.

(C) Aluminium

(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

(B) Secondary

(B) Chemical-based industry

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(C) 1–(iv), 2–(iii), 3–(ii), 4–(i)

(C) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(D) Salt

(c) Goods produced by them have low commercial significance

(d) It requires large amount of capital investment

(b) Basic or key industry

(b) Only II, III and IV are correct.

(C) Small organisations

Access to market is essential for setting up industry :

1. The existence of a market for manufactured goods is the most important factor in the location of industries.
2. Market means people who have a demand for these goods and also have the purchasing power to be able to purchase from the sellers at place.
3. Remote areas inhabited by a few people offer small markets.
4. Efficient transport system offers connectivity with the market.
5. Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained 1×2=2

1. Speedy and efficient transport facilities to carry raw materials to the factory and to move finished goods to the market are essential for the development of industries.
2. The cost of transport.
3. Regional Specialisation manufacturing.
4. Communication is also an important need for industries for the exchange and management of information.
5. Any other point.

Any two points to be explained 1×2=2

Technological innovation :

1. Technological innovations through research and development strategy are an important aspect of modern manufacturing for quality control.
2. Eliminating waste and inefficiency
3. Combating pollution
4. High tech start ups to remove regional disparities.
5. Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained. (TB I page 46) 1×2=2

1. Application of power
2. Mass production of identical products.
3. Specialised labour in factory settings for the production of standardised commodities.
4. Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained 1×2=2

Main reasons for the uneven distribution of modern manufacturing industries :

1. Access to Market : The existence of a market for manufactured goods is the most important factor in the location of industries. Remote areas inhabited by a few people offer small markets. The densely populated regions of South and South-east Asia also provide large markets.
2. Access to Raw Material : Raw material used by industries should be cheap and easy to transport. Industries based on cheap, bulky and weight-losing material (ores) are located close to the sources of raw material. Perishability is a vital factor for the industry to be located closer to the source of the raw material.
3. Access to Labour Supply : Labour supply is an important factor in the location of industries. Some types of manufacturing still require skilled labour. Increasing mechanisation, automation and flexibility of industrial processes have reduced the dependence of industry upon the labours.
4. Access to Sources of Energy : Industries which use more power are located close to the source of the energy.
5. Access to Transportation and Communication Facilities : Speedy and efficient transport facilities to carry raw materials to the factory and to move finished goods to the market are essential for the development of industries. Improvements in transportation and communication is also an important need for industries for the exchange and management of information.
6. Government Policy : Governments adopt ‘regional policies’ to promote ‘balanced’ economic development and hence set up industries in particular areas.
7. Access to Agglomeration Economies/Links between Industries : Many industries benefit from nearness to a leader-industry and other industries.
8. Any other relevant point

(Any three points to be explained) 3×1=3

Classification of Industries Based on Output/Product :

1. Basic industries
2. Consumer goods industries

½ + ½ = 1

Characteristics :

1. Basic industries – The industries whose products are used to make other goods by using them as raw materials are basic industries, for example, iron/steel → machines for textile industry → clothes for use by consumer.
2. Consumer goods – produce goods consumed by consumers directly, for example, industries producing bread, etc.
3. Any other relevant point

(Any two points to be explained) 1+1=2

1+2=3

1. Technological innovations take place through research and development.
2. They are important for modern manufacturing for quality control.
3. These innovations eliminate waste and inefficiency.
4. These are helpful in combating pollution also.
5. Any other relevant point

(Any three points to be explained) 1×3=3

1. Efficient systems of transport help in carrying raw material to the industries.
2. They carry finished goods to the market.
3. The cost of transport plays an important role in the location of industry.
4. Modern industry is inseparably tied with transportation.
5. Improvement in transportation system led to integrated economic development and regional specialization of industries
6. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained) 1×3=3

1. Public Sector Industries are owned and managed by governments. In India, there were a number of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). Socialist countries have many state owned industries. Mixed economies have both Public and Private sector enterprises.
2. Private Sector Industries are owned by individual investors. These are managed by private organisations. In capitalist countries, industries are generally owned privately.
3. Joint Sector Industries are managed by joint stock companies or sometimes the private and public sectors together establish and manage the industries.

(Examine all the above three types) 3×1=3

Iron and steel industry is called basic industry :

1. It provides raw material for other industries such as in making machines/capital goods used for further production.
2. It provides tools for other industries.
3. Example : It provides raw material for railway and other means of transport.
4. It may also be called a heavy industry because it uses large quantities of bulky raw materials and its products are also heavy.
5. Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained. 3×1=3

High technology known as the latest generation of manufacturing :

1. It is best understood as the application of intensive research and development efforts leading to the manufacture of products of an advanced scientific and engineering character.
2. Professional (white collar) workers make up large share of the total workforce.
3. These highly skilled specialists greatly outnumber the actual production (blue collar) workers.
4. Robotics on assembly line, computer-aided design and manufacturing, electronic controls of smelting and refining processes and the constant development of new chemical and pharmaceutical products are important examples.
5. Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained. 3×1=3

1. These cover less than 10 percent of the world’s land area.
2. These nations have become the centres of economic and political power.
3. Manufacturing sites are much less conspicuous and concentrated on much smaller areas than that of agriculture due to greater intensity of processes.
4. Example : 2·5 sq.km of American corn belt usually includes about four large farms employing about 10–20 workers supporting 50–100 persons. But this same area could contain several large integrated factories and employ thousands of workers.
5. Any other point.

Any three points to be explained. 1×3=3

1. The artisans use local raw materials and simple tools to produce everyday goods in their homes.
2. The products are manufactured with the help of their family members or part time labour.
3. Finished products may be for consumption in the same household or for local village market.
4. Low commercial significance.
5. Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained 1×3=3

Large scale industries different from cottage (household) industries :

1. Large scale manufacturing involves a large market while cottage industries involve local (village) market.
2. Large industries use various and huge raw materials while cottage industries use local raw materials.
3. Large scale industries based on advanced technology while cottage industries tools are devised locally.
4. Large scale industries based on specialised workers while cottage industries based on family members or part time labour.
5. Large scale industries are capital intensive and small scale has low commercial significance.
6. Any other relevant point

Any three points to be explained. (TB 1 page 49) 1×3=3

Small scale industries different from cottage industries :

1. High production in small scale while cottage industries have low production.
2. Small scale industries use high technology while cottage industries tools are devised locally.
3. Small scale industries manufactured in workshop outside the home while cottage industries work in home or cottage.
4. Small scale industries used power driven machine, cottage industries uses simple tools in their homes with the help of family members.
5. Any other relevant point

Any three points to be explained. (TB I page 49) 1×3=3

(4.1) Located close to the sources of raw materials. 1

(4.2) Access to markets 1

(4.3) Scrap metal 1

i) Access to Market
ii) Access to the raw material
iii) Access to Labour Supply
iv) Access to Sources of Energy
v) Access to Transportation and Communication facilities
vi) Government Policy
vii) Access to Agglomeration Economies/ Links between Industries
viii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be examined) 5×1=5

On the basis of size the industries are –

1. Large scale industry : It involves a large market, various materials, specialized workers and advanced technology.
2. Small scale industry : This type of manufacturing uses local raw materials, simple power-driven machines and semi-skilled labour.
3. Cottage industry : It is the smallest manufacturing unit and artisans use local raw materials and simple tools to produce everyday goods in their homes.

(All three points to be explained) 3×1=3

Significance of manufacturing industries :

1. Industries are significant because they add value to the resources.
2. Raw materials need processing, only then they become fit to be used.
3. For example, Cotton balls can’t be used unless it is processed into thread or cloth.
4. Manufacturing contributes significantly to the world economy.
5. Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained) 2×1=2

3+2=5

Manufacturing Industries are necessary due to :

1. Industries are significant because they add value to the resources.
2. Raw materials need processing, only then they become fit to be used.
3. For example, Cotton balls can’t be used unless it is processed into thread or cloth.
4. Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained) 2×1=2

Classification of industries on the basis of ownership :

1. Public Sector : These are owned and managed by government.
2. Private Sector : These are owned by individual investors.
3. Joint Sector : These are managed by joint stock companies or sometimes the private and public sectors together establish and manage the industries.

(All three points to be explained) 3×1=3

2+3=5

1. Speedy and efficient transport facilities to carry raw materials to the factory and to move finished goods to the market are essential for the development of industries.
2. Lower transportation cost tends to have more concentration of industries.
3. Western Europe and eastern North America have a highly developed transport system which has always induced the concentration of industries in these areas.
4. Modern industry is inseparably tied to transportation systems.
5. Improvements in transportation led to integrated economic development and regional specialization of manufacturing.
6. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be justified.) 5×1=5

The main features of large-scale manufacturing industries in the world are :

1. Large-scale manufacturing involves a large market,
2. Various raw materials are required.
3. Enormous energy is required for the processing of raw materials and other operations.
4. Specialized workers are required for various operations.
5. Advanced technology used in production.
6. Assembly line mass production is done.
7. Large capital investment is needed
8. This kind of manufacturing developed in the last 200 years, in the UK, the north-eastern U.S.A., and Europe. Now it has diffused almost all over the world.
9. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.) 5×1=5

The main features of high-tech industries in the world are :

1. High-tech industries are the latest generation of manufacturing activities.
2. It involves the application of intensive research and development (R and D).
3. Manufacture of products of an advanced scientific and engineering character.
4. Professional (white-collar) workers make up a large share of the total workforce. These highly skilled specialists greatly outnumber the actual production (blue-collar) workers.
5. Robotics on the assembly line, computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing, electronic controls of smelting and refining processes, and the constant development of new chemical and pharmaceutical products are examples of high-tech industries.
6. Neatly spaced, low, modern, dispersed, office-plant-lab buildings mark the high-tech industrial landscape.
7. Planned business parks for high-tech start-ups have become part of regional and local development schemes.
8. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.) 5×1=5

1. High technology is the latest generation of manufacturing activities.
2. It is best understood as the application of intensive research and development efforts leading to the manufacture of products of an advanced, scientific and engineering character.
3. Professional workers make up a large share of the total workforce. These highly skilled specialists greatly outnumber the actual production workers.
4. Robotics, on the assembly line, computer-aided design and manufacturing, electronic controls of smelting and refining processes and the constant development of new chemical and pharmaceutical products are notable examples of a high-tech industry.
5. Neatly, spaced, low, modern, dispersed, office plant; lab building rather than massive assembly structures, factories and storage areas mark the high-tech industrial landscape.
6. Planned business parks for high-tech start-ups have become part of regional and local development schemes.
7. These are regionally concentrated and self-sustained and highly specialised. The Silicon Valley near San Francisco and Silicon Forest near Seattle are the major examples.
8. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be justified) 5×1=5

1. Mixed economies have public, private and joint-sector industries.
2. Public sector industries are owned and managed by the government.
3. Socialist countries have state-owned industries.
4. The private sector industries are owned by individual investors and by private organizations.
5. In capitalist countries, industries are generally owned privately.
6. The joint sector industries are a vital component of a mixed economy.
7. The joint sector industries are managed by joint stock companies or through collaboration between the public and private sectors.
8. In mixed economies, the roles of public, private, and joint-sector industries are strategically balanced to achieve economic and social goals.
9. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be examined) 5×1=5

Industries maximise profits by reducing costs in the following ways :-

1. Access to Market : Market means people who have a demand for these goods and also have the purchasing power to be able to purchase from the sellers at a place. Example - The developed regions of Europe, North America, Japan and Australia provide large global markets as the purchasing power of people is very high.
2. Access to Raw Material : Raw material used by industries should be cheap and easy to transport. Industries based on cheap, bulky and weight-losing material are located close to the sources of raw material such as steel, sugar and cement industries.
3. Access to labour supply : Some types of manufacturing still require skilled labour. Increasing mechanisation, automation and flexibility of industrial processes have reduced the dependence of industries upon the labours.
4. Access to sources of energy : Industries which use more power are located close to the source of the energy supply such as the aluminium industry.
5. Access to Transportation and Communication Facilities : Speedy and efficient transport facilities to carry raw materials to the factory and to move finished goods to the market are essential for the development of industries. The cost of transport plays an important role in the location of industrial unit. Example - Western Europe and Eastern North America have a highly developed transport system which has always induced the concentration of industries in these areas.
6. Government Policy : Government adopt ‘regional policies’ to promote ‘balanced’ economic development and hence set up industries in particular areas.
7. Access to Agglomeration Economies
8. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.) 5×1=5

Classification of industries on the basis of raw materials are :-

1. Agro based Industries : It involves the processing of raw materials from the field and the farm into finished products for rural and urban markets. Example - Sugar, pickles, spices, rubber etc. are agro processing industries.
2. Mineral based industries : These industries use minerals as raw material. Some industries use ferrous metallic minerals like iron and steel industries and some use non ferrous metallic minerals like copper and aluminium industries.
3. Chemical based Industries : Such industries use natural chemical minerals, Example mineral oil is used in petrochemical industry. Salts, sulphur and potash industries also use natural minerals.
4. Forest based Industries : The forests provide many major and minor products which are used as raw material. Timber for furniture industry, wood, bamboo and grass for paper industry come from forests.
5. Animal based Industries : Leather for leather industry and wool for woollen textiles are obtained from animals.
6. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.) 5×1=5

1. Access to market : Market means people who have a demand for these goods and also have purchasing power. Example the developed regions of Europe, North America, Japan and Australia provide large global markets.
2. Access to Raw Material : Raw material used by industries should be cheap and easy to transport. Industries based on cheap and bulky and weight losing material are located close to the sources of raw material such as steel, sugar and cement industries.
3. Access to labour supply : Some types of manufacturing still require skilled labour. Increasing mechanisation, automation and flexibility of industrial processes have reduced the dependence of industries upon the labour.
4. Access to sources of energy : Industries which use more power are located close to the source of the energy supply such as the aluminium industry.
5. Access to transportation and communication facilities : Speedy and efficient transport facilities to carry raw materials to the factory and to move finished goods to the market are essential for the development of industries. Example Western Europe and eastern North America have a highly developed transport system which has always induced the concentration of industries in these areas.
6. Government Policies : Government adopt regional policies to promote balanced economic development and hence set up industries in particular areas.
7. Access to Agglomeration Economies : Many industries benefit from nearness to a leader industry and other industries.
8. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be examined.) 5×1=5

Cottage industries-

1. It is the smallest manufacturing unit.
2. The artisans use local raw materials.
3. Family members use simple and locally available tools to produce everyday goods in their homes.
4. Finished products may be for consumption in the same households or, for sale.
5. Capital and transportation do not wield much influence.
6. Manufacturing at this level has low commercial significance.

Large scale industries-

1. Large scale manufacturing involves a large market.
2. Requires various raw materials.
3. Requires enormous energy.
4. Requires specialized workers.
5. Uses advanced technology.
6. Assembly-line mass production and large capital.

Any five points of difference to be explained. 5×1=5

(i) Small scale manufacturing uses local raw material and simple power driven techniques. Large scale manufacturing requires various raw materials and enormous energy.

(ii) Small scale provides employment to local people. Large scale needs specialized workers and advanced technology.

(iii) Small scale industries increases the local purchasing power while large scale industries increase the purchasing power of the whole countries.

(iv) Small scale manufacturing provide employment to local labour but large scale provide labour to specialized persons from different areas.

(v) Transport and markets are require for both but small scale needs local markets and large scale need even overseas markets.

(vi) Small scale industries require less capital whereas largescale industries need huge capital infrastructure.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained)

5x1=5

1. Large scale manufacturing involves large market.
2. Variety of raw material.
3. Enormous energy.
4. Specialized workers.
5. Advanced technology.
6. Assembly line mass production.
7. Large capital investment.
8. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be analysed.) 5x1=5

Factors affecting the location of industries in the world are-

1. Access to market.
2. Access to raw material.
3. Access to labour supply.
4. Access to sources of energy.
5. Access to transportation and communication facilities.
6. Government policy.
7. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be analyzed. 5×1=5

The classification of industries on the basis of raw materials are-

1. Agro-based industries.
2. Mineral-based industries.
3. Chemical-based industries.
4. Forest-based industries.
5. Animal-based industries.
6. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be analyzed. 5×1=5

High technology manufacturing activities:-

1. It is best understood as the application of intensive research and development (R and D).
2. It is based on advance scientific and engineering character.
3. Professional workers (white collars) make up a large share of the total work force.
4. These highly skilled specialists greatly outnumber the actual production (Blue collar) workers.
5. Robotics on the assembly line computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing, electronic controls of smelting and refining processes.
6. The constant development of new chemical and pharmaceutical products are notable examples.
7. The Silicon Valley near San Francisco and Silicon forest near Seattle forest are examples of Technopolis.
8. Any other relevant point

Any five points to be explained.

5x1=5

Factors affecting location of Industries in the world are:-

1. Access to raw material.
2. Access to market.
3. Access to labour supply.
4. Access to sources of energy.
5. Access to transportation and communication facilities.
6. Government Policy
7. Access to agglomeration economies.
8. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

5x1=5

1. Large scale manufacturing involves a large market.
2. These industries use a large variety of raw materials in huge quantity.
3. It involves specialised workers and division of labour.
4. It requires enormous supply of power.
5. It involves advanced technology, automation and assembly line mass production.
6. These industries require vast capital.
7. Technological innovations through high level of research and development (R&D) is involved.
8. Any other relevant point.

To be examined by giving any five points. 5×1=5

1. It involves the application of research and development (R&D).
2. It is of advanced scientific and engineering character.
3. Professional (white collar) workers are employed in large number in these industries.
4. It is based on computer-aided designs (CAD).
5. Chemicals and pharmaceuticals are notable examples of this.
6. Any other relevant point.

To be examined by giving any five points. 5×1=5

1. Application of R and D
2. Advanced scientific and engineering character
3. Robotics, on the assembly line computer-aided design (CAD)
4. Plant-lab-buildings and planned business parks for high-tech starts ups.
5. Regionally concentrated, self-sustained
6. Technopolis—San Francisco, Silicon Forest
7. Any other relevant point

(Any five points to be explained) [TB-I, Pg-52] 5x1=5

Employment opportunities, Better Standard of Living, Increased Purchasing Power

1. Job creation and increased employment: Small-scale industries are labour-intensive, creating numerous jobs and providing employment opportunities to a larger portion of the population.
2. Reduced poverty and improved livelihoods: By offering more employment options, small-scale industries help reduce poverty and raise the living standards of individuals in both urban and rural areas.
3. Equitable income distribution and improved local purchasing power: Small-scale industries support a more balanced income distribution, raising the local purchasing power of the individuals, and encouraging economic growth at the grassroots level.
4. Regional development: Small-scale manufacturing often utilizes local raw materials and resources, promoting the economic development of resource-rich regions.
5. Skill development: Small-scale industries provide opportunities for the workforce to develop valuable skills, enhancing their productivity and earning possibilities.

High-tech industries which are regionally concentrated, self-sustained and highly specialised are called technopolies.

They are characterised by the use of robotics on the assembly line, computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing, electronic controls of smelting and refining processes.

Neatly spaced, low, modern, dispersed, office-plant-lab buildings rather than massive assembly structures, factories and storage areas mark the high-tech industrial landscape. Planned business parks for high-tech start-ups have become part of regional and local development schemes.

New chemical and pharmaceutical products are notable examples of a high-tech industry.

The Silicon Valley near San Francisco and Manufacturing contributes significantly to Silicon Forest near Seattle are examples of the world economy. Iron and steel, textiles, technopolies.

3+2=5