Political Science (Social Science 087) · Class X · Chapter-wise Board Questions

B- III and IV

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(C) It reduces the chances of social unrest

(D) Dutch

(B) Only (I), (II) and (IV) are correct

(A) Power shared among different organs of government [1]

(B) French [1]

(C) North and Eastern [1]

(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

(B) Declaring Sinhala as the official language/

(D) Implementing a policy of preference for Sinhalese in government jobs.

If the examinee marks either option B or D, mark be awarded.

(A) Small country of Europe

(A) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(A) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is correct explanation of (A)

(C) Federal

(B) European Union

(C) Belgium

(B) Sinhala-speakers

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(d) Division of power among Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.

(C) Cultural diversities

(A) Both assertion(A) and reason(R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(B) I, III and IV are correct

(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

(d) Ensuring Linguistic accommodation.

(D) I, II & III

D - Accommodating linguistic and regional interest.

(C) Only I, III and IV are correct

(C) Statements I and II are true and II is the correct explanation of I

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(D) Power is shared among different levels of governments.

(A) Sinhalas

(A) I, II and III

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(b) II, III & IV

(d) A is false but R is true

(b) Sinhala

(c) 59%

(B) II and III

(b) Christians

(c) Luxembourg

1. Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government.

2. Many powers of the Central have been given to the State of the two regions of the country. The State Governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.

3. Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.

(Any 2 points)Or (Any other relevant point)

1. People as the Source of Political Power- In a democracy, the people are the ultimate source of all political power. They have the right and opportunity to participate in governing themselves through various institutions of self-government.

2. Active Participation and Representation -: Democracy ensures that citizens actively participate in political processes, have representation in government, and get opportunities to take part in decision-making.

3. Accountability and Stability- Democracy encourages public debates and expression of opinions, which influence policy making. It allows people to hold the government accountable, ensures transparency, reduces conflicts between social groups, and provides legitimacy to the elected government, thus contributing to political stability.

Any 2 points (Any other relevant answer)

(a)

i. Power sharing helps to reduce possibility of conflict between social groups.

ii. It ensures political stability.

iii. It is the very spirit of democracy.

iv. It brings out better outcomes.

v. Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained. [2 × 1 = 2]

OR

(b)

i. Power is shared among different organs of governments such as Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.

ii. These organs are placed at the same level but exercise different powers.

iii. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organs checks the others.

iv. Ministers and Governments officers exercise powers but they are responsible to the parliaments or state assemblies.

v. Judges are appointed by the executive but they can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislature.

vi. Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained. [2 × 1 = 2]

i. Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

ii. Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.

iii. It controls social conflicts, violence and political instability.

iv. It helps to unite the nation.

v. A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire a stake in the system.

vi. Power Sharing is the very spirit of democracy.

vii. Any other relevant points.

Any two points to be explained. [2x1=2]

Horizontal power sharing

(i) Power is shared among different organs of the government such as legislature, executive and judiciary.

(ii) It allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers.

(iii) Such a separation ensures that none of the organ exercises unlimited powers.

Vertical Power Sharing

(i) Powers is shared among governments at different levels such as General or Union Government for the entire country and government at provincial or regional level.

(ii) The constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of government. This is called federal division of power.

(iii) Different level exercise their powers independent of each other.

(iv) Any other relevant point of difference.

Any two points to be explained. [2 x 1 = 2]

i. In 1956 an act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language thus disregarding Tamil.

ii. The governments followed preferential policies for university positions and government jobs for Sinhalese.

iii. The new constitution stipulated that the State shall protect and foster Buddhism.

iv. Sinhala government ignored the interests of Tamils through their majoritarian policies.

v. Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained. [2x1=2]

(i) In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.

(ii) The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

(iii) A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

(iv) These measures gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.

(v) They felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders was sensitive to their language and culture.

(vi) They felt that the constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights,

(vii) They are discriminated in getting jobs and other opportunities and their interests are ignored.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

(i) The horizontal form of power sharing allows different organs of government such as the legislature, executive and judiciary placed at the same level to exercise different powers.

(ii) Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power.

(iii) Each organ checks the others.

(iv) This results in a balance of power among various institutions.

(v) In a democracy, even though ministers and government officials exercise power, they are responsible to the Parliament or State Assemblies.

(vi) Although judges are appointed by the executive, they can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures.

(vii) This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be evaluated. [3 x 1 = 3]

(i) Horizontal distribution of power – Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary.

(ii) Vertical distribution of power – Power can be shared among governments at different levels – general government for entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level.

(iii) Power sharing among social groups – Power many also be shared among different social groups, such as the religious and linguistic groups.

(iv) Power sharing arrangements among political parties, pressure groups and movements.

(v) Any other relevant point

(Any three points to be explained) [3x1=3]

28.1-

(a) To recognise Tamil as official language

(b) Regional autonomy

(c) Equality of opportunities in securing education and jobs.

(Any one to be considered)

28.2- The Majoritarian Government in Sri Lanka created a distrust between Tamils and Sinhala communities which resulted in civil war. As a result, thousands of people of both communities were killed and many families were forced to leave the country as refugees.

28.3

1. The Constitution prescribed that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. Some special laws require the support of majority of members from each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally.

2. Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.

3. Brussels has a separate government in which Dutch and French have equal representation.

4. Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of Government. This 'community government' is elected by people belonging to one language community - Dutch, French and German - speaking - no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language - related issues.

(Any two to be considered)

28.1 [1]

(i) Pressure groups represent different ideologies and social groups in governmental committees.

(ii) They create awareness among public about certain programs.

(iii) They influence decision making process.

(iv) Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

28.2 [1]

(i) Protection of interests of different social groups such as linguistic and cultural groups.

(ii) Fair representation of minors.

(iii) Reduces conflict.

(iv) Ensures stability.

(v) Socially weaker section and women are represented in the legislature and administration.

(vi) The system of reserved constituencies in the State Assemblies and the Parliament of our country give space to diverse social groups in the government.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

28.3 [2x1=2]

(i) Participate in governmental committees and branches.

(ii) Influence the decision-making process.

(iii) Participation in interest groups or civil society organizations.

(iv) Monitor government actions.

(v) Any other relevant point.

Any two point to be explained.

(27.1) [1]

(i) The basic principles of democracy believe in power sharing, so power should be shared.

(ii) It might lead to dictatorship.

(iii) Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

(27.2) [1]

(i) To accommodate social diversity.

(ii) To avoid conflicts.

(iii) Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

(27.3) [2x1=2]

(i) It strengthens the right of the people.

(ii) It makes govt more accountable.

(iii) Local people have better knowledge of problems in their localities.

(iv) It helps people to directly participate in decision making.

(v) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

(28.1) [1]

(i) None of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others.

(ii) Any other relevant point.

(Any one point to be explained.)

(28.2) [1]

(i) Judges are appointed by the executive, they can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures.

(ii) Any other relevant point.

(Any one point to be explained.)

(28.3) [2 × 1 = 2]

(i) There are three organs of the government- Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.

(ii) It allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers.

(iii) The function of legislature is to formulate law.

(iv) The function of executive is to implement the law

(v) The function of judiciary is to interpret the laws and resolve the disputes.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

(28.1) [1]

(i) Through power sharing people directly participate in the political system. This gives legitimacy and stability to the government.

(ii) Due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in society by reducing the possibility of conflicts and violence. This ensures political stability.

(iii) Power sharing gives everyone a voice in shaping public policies. Thus, it ensures stability of political order.

(iv) Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

(28.2) [1]

(i) In a democracy, there are interest groups, such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers and industrial workers. These groups influence the policies of the government.

(ii) They also participate in governmental committees and also influence the decision-making process.

(iii) Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

(28.3) [2]

(i) Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.

(ii) A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects.

(iii) Power sharing gives legitimacy to the government and a legitimate government is one where citizens through participation, acquires a stake in the system.

(iv) Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.

(v) Power sharing ensures citizens’ direct participation in government, gives everyone a voice in shaping public opinion and thus prevents tyranny of the majority.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

(36.1) Explain the ethnic composition of Belgium. (1)

Total Belgium population- 59% live in the Flemish region and speak the Dutch language. 40% live in the Wallonia region and speak French. The remaining one percent of the Belgians speaks German.

(36.2) Explain the term ethnic. (1)

(i) The term 'ethnic' implies a social division based on shared culture. People belonging to the same ethnic group believe in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of culture or both

(ii) Any other relevant point

Any one point

(36.3) How did the Belgian government solve their ethnic problem? Explain. (2)

(i) Amended the constitution

(ii) Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government.

(iii) Belgium established a community government for different linguistic communities.

(iv) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained)

(36.1)

i. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

ii. Power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups.

iii. Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be mentioned. (1)

(36.2)

i. They are associated with politics through participation in governmental committees.

ii. They bring influence on the decision-making process.

iii. Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be mentioned. (1)

(36.3)

i. Power is shared among different organs of government such as – Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.

ii. Power shared among governments at different levels.

iii. Power shared among different social group.

iv. Power shared among political parties, pressure groups and movements.

v. Any other relevant point.

Any two point to be explained. (2X1=2)

(a)

Belgian Model

(i) The Belgian government applied the model of accommodation.

(ii) They recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversity.

(iii) They amended the Constitution four times between 1970 and 1993 so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together.

(iv) They respected the feelings and interests of different communities.

(v) The State Governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.

(vi) The French majority in Brussels accepted equal number of Dutch and French ministers at the state level of government.

(vii) The Dutch majority in Belgium accepted equal number of French and Dutch ministers at the central government level.

(viii) A third kind of government- 'community government' ensured German minority does not feel alienated.

(ix) The community government looked after culture, education and language related issues of the three ethnic groups.

(x) No single community can make decisions unilaterally.

(xi) They mutually accepted arrangements of power sharing.

(xii) Any other relevant point.

Sri Lankan Model

(i) The Sri Lankan government applied the model of Majoritarianism.

(ii) They overlooked the existence of regional differences and cultural diversity.

(iii) An Act was passed in 1956 to fulfil the wish of majority population.

(iv) They recognise Sinhala as the only official language.

(v) The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

(vi) A new Constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

(vii) They suppressed the feelings of minority.

(viii) They refused to share power.

(ix) The Sri Lankan Tamils struggled to demand for the recognition of Tamil as an official language, for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs.

(x) By 1980s, several political organisations demanded a separate Tamil Eelam (state).

(xi) The distrust between the two communities turned into a Civil War that ended in 2009.

(xii) Any other relevant point.

Any five points of comparison to be explained. [5x1=5]

OR

(b)

(i) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

(ii) It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.

(iii) It accommodates majority as well as minority.

(iv) It is the very spirit of democracy.

(v) People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.

(vi) A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire a stake in the system.

(vii) It strengthens unity of the country.

(viii) It reinforces trust of people in democracy.

(ix) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained. [5x1=5]

(a) [5x1=5]

(i) In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.

(ii) The governments followed preferential policies that favored Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

(iii) A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

(iv) Majoritarianism gradually increased the feeling of alienation among Sri Lankan Tamils.

(v) They felt the Constitution and the government policies denied them equal political rights.

(vi) The relations between the Sinhala and Tamil Communities remained strained over time.

(vii) They launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language.

(viii) They demanded regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs.

(ix) But their demands were repeatedly denied.

(x) Any other relevant point

Any five points to be explained.

OR

(b) [5x1=5]

(i) The basic principle of democracy is that people are the source for all political power.

(ii) Everyone has a voice in shaping public policies.

(iii) Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflicts.

(iv) Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.

(v) Belgium is the prime example of power sharing.

(vi) Power sharing gives space to social groups such as religious and linguistic groups.

(vii) Interest groups, pressure groups like traders, and industrialists influence power sharing.

(viii) Power sharing gives minority communities fair share in power.

(ix) Power sharing accommodates social diversity.

(x) Any other relevant point

Any five points to be explained.

B - No, because Currency is a subject of Union List

(B) Distribution of power between Union and State govt.

(D) Municipal Corporations [1]

(B) I, III and IV are correct.

(C) a-iv, b-i, c-iii, d-ii

(D) Australia

(C) Parliament of India

(D) Switzerland

(B) Only i, ii and iv are correct

(B) I, II and IV are correct.

(D) Spain- Federal

(D) Tamil

(A) Concurrent List – Education

(b) By ensuring a division of power between centre and states.

(c) 1992

(D) Education, Forest and Marriage

(D) Currency, Communication, Defense

(C) Only I, II and IV are correct

(C) a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii

(A) Empowering communities by ensuring fair and regular local elections.

(D) Zilla Panchayat

(A) It is based on decentralisation of power.

(d) I-B, II-A, III-C, IV-D

(A) Union List Subjects- Communications

(C) Concurrent List Subject-Adoption

(Both options to be considered.)

(D) Odia

B - I-b, II-c, III-a, IV- d

B – Supreme Court of India

(C) Concurrent List

(B) State List- Police and Agriculture

(C) Nepali

(D) Only I and IV are correct

(D) Education, Forest, Marriage and Adoption

(D) I – 2, II – 3, III – 1, IV – 4

(b) United State of America (USA)

(a) i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2

(c) I-2, II-3, III-1, and IV-4

(c) Decentralized System

(b) I, II, and IV

(A) I-4, II-3, III-1, IV-2

(a) Mayor

Features of federalism:

1. There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.

2. Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.

3. The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the constitution. So the existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed.

4. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.

5. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of government. The highest court acts as an umpire if disputes arise between different levels of government in the exercise of their respective powers.

6. Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

7. The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote unity of the country, while at the same time accommodate regional diversity. Therefore, two aspects are crucial for the institutions and practice of federalism. Governments at different levels should agree to some rules of power sharing. They should also trust that each would abide by its part of the agreement. An ideal federal system has both aspects: mutual trust and agreement to live together.

(Any two point to be considered)

[2x1=2]

(i) There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.

(ii) Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.

(iii) The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the constitution. So, the existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed.

(iv) The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.

(v) Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution and the powers of different levels of government.

(vi) Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

(vii) The federal system has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote unity of the country, while at the same time accommodate regional diversity.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

(i) The Constitution clearly lays down the power of different levels.

(ii) Power is distributed among three levels of government.

(iii) We refer to it as the Central or Union government, State government and Local government (Urban and Rural government).

(iv) It has increased participation of people at the grassroot level in decision making.

(v) It has improved the efficiency of governance.

(vi) It solves the problem at the local level.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

(a)

(i) The jurisdictions of the respective tiers of government are specified in the Constitution.

(ii) The existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed.

(iii) Constitution provides the rules for coordination between Centre and States.

(iv) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be examined.)

OR

(b)

(i) The judiciary plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures.

(ii) In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the high court and the Supreme Court make a decision.

(iii) It acts as the interpreter of the Constitution.

(iv) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be examined.)

(i) India is a vast country with a large and diverse population.

(ii) Power sharing is essential to accommodate diversity.

(iii) There are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at this local level.

(iv) People have better knowledge of problems in their localities.

(v) They also have ideas on where to spend money and how to manage things more efficiently.

(vi) It helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation. Decentralization helps to deepen democracy.

(vii) It increases the possibility of direct participation in decision making.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

(i) The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the constitution. So the existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed.

(ii) The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.

(iii) Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of government.

(iv) Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly constitutionally specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained)

(i) Some national leaders feared that creation of linguistic states would lead to the disintegration of country.

(ii) Initially, the central government resisted demand for linguistic states for some time.

(iii) The boundaries of several old States of India were changed in order to create new states.

(iv) The linguistic states were created to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same State.

(v) Far from undermining Indian unity, linguistic states have helped strengthen it.

(vi) The experience has shown that the formation of linguistic state has actually made the country more united.

(vii) It has reinforced trust of people in democracy.

(viii) It has made administration easier.

(ix) It has strengthened the faith of the people in their elected representatives.

(x) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained. [3x1=3]

The Constitution provides a three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments. It contains three lists:

(i) Union List includes subjects of national importance, such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency.

(ii) The Union Government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union List as we need a uniform policy on these matters throughout the country.

(iii) State List contains subjects of State and local importance, such as police, trade, commerce, education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession.

(iv) State government makes the laws relating to the subjects mentioned in this list.

(v) Concurrent List includes subjects of the common interest to both the Union as well as the state governments, such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession.

(vi) Both the Union as well as the State governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list. If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government will prevail.

(vii) There are some subjects like computer software that came up after the Constitution was made. Our Constitution has given the power to make laws on these ‘residuary’ subjects to the Union Government.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.) [3 × 1 = 3]

(i) The Constitution clearly provided a three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments. It contains three lists- Union List, State List and Concurrent List.

(ii) Union List includes subjects of national importance, such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency.

(iii) They are included in Union List because we need a uniform policy on these matters throughout the country. The Union Government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union List.

(iv) State List contains subjects of State and local importance, such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The State Governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the State List.

(v) Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments, such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession.

(vi) Both the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list. If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government will prevail.

(vii) Apart from the above three lists, there is a separate provision related to the residuary subjects that are not specifically mentioned in the three lists. It includes subjects like computer software, cyber laws, information technology. According to our constitution, the Union Government has the power to legislate on these ‘residuary’ subjects.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained. [3x1=3]

(i) Indian Constitution has adopted federalism where the powers are shared between the Centre and State.

(ii) It is not easy to make changes to this power sharing arrangement.

(iii) The Parliament cannot change the power sharing arrangement on their own.

(iv) Any change has to be first passed by both Houses by 2/3 majority. It has to be ratified by the legislature of at least half of the total seats.

(v) The Judiciary plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of Constitutional provisions and procedures.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

[3x1=3]

Federal system of Governance:

(i) Two or more levels of Government.

(ii) The central government and the state government works in coordination.

(iii) Decentralization of power takes place in this form of government.

(iv) There is a balance of power between different levels of governments.

(v) For example: Belgium/U.S.A.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Unitary system of Governance:

(i) There is only one level of government.

(ii) The state government works as sub-units to the central government.

(iii) All powers are vested in the Central government therefore centralization of power takes place.

(iv) There is absolute control of power by the central government.

(v) For example: Sri Lanka

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained, while referring to the example is mandatory.

(i) Under the unitary system, either there is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the central government.

(ii) The central government can pass on orders to the provincial or the local government.

(iii) But in a federal system, the central government cannot order the state government to do something.

(iv) State government has powers of its own for which it is not answerable to the central government.

(v) Both these governments are separately answerable to the people.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

(i) There are two or more tiers of government. India has a government at the centre and at the states.

(ii) The different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.

(iii) The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the Constitution.

(iv) Fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be changed unilaterally by only one level of the government.

(v) Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution and the highest courts act as an umpire in case of a dispute between the different levels of government.

(vi) Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be described.)

(35.1)

(i) Participatory democracy means participation or direct involvement in decision making process.

(35.2)

(i) Local Self Government.

(35.3)

(i) Local Self Government- Panchayati Raj, Municipality and Municipal Corporation.

(ii) All bodies of Local Self Government are elected by the people.

(iii) Gram Sabha in the Gram Panchayat where people of that area participate directly.

(iv) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be described.

(35.1)

- Central, State, Local Government (Urban and Rural)

(35.2)

(i) There are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level.

(ii) People have better knowledge of problems in their localities.

(iii) They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to manage things more efficiently.

(iv) Any other relevant point

Any one point to be explained.

(35.3)

(i) Local government ensures representation of diverse groups.

(ii) It is possible for the people to directly participate in decision making.

(iii) It deepens the democracy through large participation of people.

(iv) Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained.

36.1 [1]

(i) Gram Panchayats are grouped together to form Panchayat Samitis.

(ii) Panchayat Samiti act as a link between Zila Parishad and Gram Panchayat.

(iii) Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

36.2 [1]

(i) A Municipal Corporation is an urban local self-government body that administers a city. A Municipality is also an urban self-government body that administers a town.

(ii) Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

36.3 [2]

(i) It promotes grass root level democracy.

(ii) It deepens democracy.

(iii) Increases women’s participation.

(iv) Participation of people in decision making.

(v) Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained.

36.1 [1]

(i) The new nation would be based on a new set of provinces.

(ii) These provinces would be reorganised on the principle of language.

(iii) Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be mentioned.

36.2 [1]

(i) Creation of linguistic states has strengthened the nation.

(ii) The formation of linguistic states has made the country more united.

(iii) It also made administration easier.

(iv) Any other relevant point

Any one point to be mentioned.

36.3 [2]

(i) Kerala – Malayalam

(ii) Andhra Pradesh – Telugu

(36.1) [1]

i. Maximum participation of people is the spirit of democracy.

ii. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.

iii. People’s participation in decision making ensures greater control over the government.

iv. Any other relevant point

(Any one point to be explained.)

(36.2) [1]

i. Women’s participation in Panchayati Raj has helped to improve the women’s role in public life.

ii. With greater participation gender issues are raised in politics.

iii. Any other relevant point

(Any one point to be mentioned.)

(36.3) [2 × 1 = 2]

i. It restores power to the only place where power belongs in a democracy – in the hands of the people.

ii. Giving power to Panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption.

iii. It increases administrative efficiency.

iv. Any other relevant point

(Any two points to be explained.)

(36.1)

i. The Large number of elected representatives in panchayats and municipalities signifies the extensive scale of the democratic experiment in India.

ii. Large number of problems and issues are settled at the local level.

iii. Direct participation of people in the decision making and socio-political participation process.

iv. Any other relevant point

Any one point to be analyzed. [1]

(36.2)

i. It deepens democracy.

ii. Constitutional status for local government has led to increased representation and voice of women in democracy.

iii. It promotes inclusivity

iv. It promotes gender equality.

v. Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be analyzed. [1]

(36.3)

i. Granting constitutional status to local government is described as having deepened democracy in the country.

ii. It has also enhanced women's representation and women's participation in the democratic process.

iii. This constitutional recognition has played a role in empowering grassroots governance.

iv. It promotes inclusive decision – making.

v. Solution of local societal issues at local levels

vi. Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained. [2x1=2]

36.1

The census of India recorded more than 1300 distinct languages as mother tongues. (1)

36.2

The languages like Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Bundelkhandi, Chhattisgarhi, Rajasthani were grouped under the category of “Hindi”. (1)

36.3

(i) It recognizes their cultural and linguistic significance.

(ii) It helps protect and promote these languages, ensuring that speakers have access to education and government services in their native languages.

(iii) Most of these languages are also the official languages of their respective states.

(iv) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be mentioned (2)

36.1

i. The passage highlights that giving power to Panchayats aligns with the dreams of Mahatma Gandhi and the intentions of Constitution and framers.

ii. It enables true democracy by involving the people in decision – making and governance.

iii. Any other relevant point

Any one point to be explained [1]

36.2

i. The primary objective of giving more power to the panchayats is to realize the vision of Mahatma Gandhi and the aspirations of the makers of the Constitution.

ii. This aims to establish true democracy and place power in the hands of the people.

iii. Giving knowledge of democratic processes at the Grass root level.

iv. For political mobilization and political socialization for residing issues at local levels.

v. Any other relevant point

Any one point to be explained [1]

36.3

i. Power to the people, where it rightfully belongs in a democratic system.

ii. Promoting grassroots democratic governance.

iii. By involving the people in decision – making and governance.

iv. People participate in the planning and implementation of development schemes.

v. They gain greater control over these schemes.

vi. This involvement can naturally lead to increased accountability.

vii. Any other relevant points

Any two point to be explained [2]

(36.1)

(i) When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local government, it is called decentralization.

(ii) Any other relevant point

Any one point [1]

(36.2)

(i) Large number of problems and issues are best settled at the local level.

(ii) People have better ideas about money spent and how to manage things more efficiently.

(iii) People can participate in decision making process.

(iv) Any other relevant point.

Any one point [1]

(36.3)

(i) Panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas have been set up.

(ii) Powers have been given to the Panchayats and municipalities.

(iii) 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments

(iv) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained. [2]

36.1 Explain the importance of language diversity in India. (1)

According to the Census of India (2011), there were 121 major languages in India with 1599 other languages. A total of 22 languages have been declared as Scheduled languages as per the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

i. The diversity of Indian language has helped in uniting the country.

ii. Most of the Indian are able to understand more than one language.

iii. Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained

36.2 Differentiate between Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Languages. (1)

Scheduled languages are those which are included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution while Non-Scheduled Languages' Include those languages which are not included in 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

36.3 'The fusion of languages has united the country into one cultural entity.' Explain the statement with example. (2)

i. India manifests itself in language history and linguistic geography.

ii. The blend of languages, has united the country into one cultural unit.

iii. Languages integrate the nation.

iv. Any other relevant point

v. Any two points to be explained.

(36.1)

(i) India's efforts in decentralisation represent one of the largest experiments in deepening democracy.

(ii) India has a democratic structure for local governance

(iii) There are now about 36 lakh elected representatives in the panchayats and municipalities, etc. all over the country. This number is bigger than the population of many countries in the world.

(iv) Any other relevant point.

(Any one point) [1]

(36.2)

(i) It has also increased women's representation and voice in our democracy.

(ii) People to directly participate in decision-making.

(iii) This has helped to inculcate a habit of democratic participation.

(iv) Local government is the best way to realize one important principle of democracy, namely local self-government.

(v) Any other relevant point,

(Any one point) [1]

(36.3)

(i) Establishment of panchayat in rural areas

(ii) Establishment of municipalities in urban areas.

(iii) 73rd and 74th amendment of the Indian constitution for the local self govt. and three tier democracy

(iv) Any other relevant point

(Any two points) [1+1=2]

27A

1. Now it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.

2. Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.

3. At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.

4. An independent institution called the State Election Commission has been created in each State to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.

5. The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies. The nature of sharing varies from State to State.

OR

27B

1. Division of Powers -The Constitution divides powers between the Union Government and State Governments through three lists: a.Union List b.State List c.Concurrent List. This ensures each level works independently within its jurisdiction.

2. Written and Supreme Constitution -India has a written Constitution, and all governments must function within its limits. The Constitution is the supreme authority, not the Parliament.

3. Rigidity of the Constitution -The division of powers cannot be changed easily. Any amendment affecting federal structure requires approval of both Parliament and State Legislatures.

4. Independent Judiciary-The Supreme Court acts as an impartial authority. It settles disputes between the Centre and States and protects the Constitution.

5. Dual Government System- There are two levels of government: Central Government for the whole country and State Governments for their respective states

6. Financial Autonomy-States have their own sources of revenue, though some taxes are shared with the Centre.

(Any 5 points)

(a)

i. A system where a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent states and central government is called Holding together federation.

ii. In India, we can see this feature very prominently.

iii. In India, union government has more power than the state government.

iv. Important subjects like defence, foreign affairs, communication and currency are under union government.

v. The constitution clearly divide power into union list, State list and concurrent list. This helps to maintain the unity as well as regional autonomy.

vi. Some states and union territory have special provisions based on their social and historical condition.

vii. India has a written constitution and single citizenship.

viii. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained. [5 × 1 = 5]

OR

(b)

i. Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration in India.

ii. The jurisdictions of the respective levels of tiers of government are specified in the constitution. So the existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed in India.

iii. The fundamental provisions of the Indian constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both levels of government.

iv. Supreme Court have the power to interpret the constitution and the power of different levels of government.

v. The highest court acts as an umpire if disputes arise between different levels of government in the exercise of their powers and procedural.

vi. Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy in India.

vii. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be examined. [5 × 1 = 5]

(a)

(i) There are three tiers of govt. in India- Centre, State and Local bodies.

(ii) Different tiers of govt. govern the same people but each has its own jurisdiction.

(iii) The jurisdiction of each tier of government is specified in the constitution with the help of three lists.

(iv) The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be changed by one level of govt.

(v) Sources of revenue for each level of government are specified in the constitution.

(vi) Judiciary has the power to interpret the constitution in India.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be examined. [5x1=5]

OR

(b)

(i) It is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local govt. bodies.

(ii) Seats are reserved in the electoral bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.

(iii) At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.

(iv) An independent institution called the State Election Commission has been created in each state to conduct Panchayat and Municipal elections.

(v) The state governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local govt. bodies.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be examined. [5x1=5]

A - Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

(C) Multitasking and Dedication

(A) Sweden

(A) Municipality

(D) Providing voting rights equally to men and women

(d) Feminists

(b) Secular

(D) Secular

C – Ensuring equal opportunities are rights for women.

(D) Panchayat

(A) Nordic countries

(B) Only I, II and IV are correct

(C) Statements I and II are true and II is the correct explanation of I

(A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

(D) Finance

(a) Nordic country

(d) As per the constitution, religion can never be separated from politics.

(A) I, II and III

(C) Sweden

(a) Finland

1. Education – Literacy rate among women is only 54% as compared with 76% among men. Parents prefer to spend their resources for their sons’ education rather than daughters.

2. Low Proportion of women in highly paid and valued jobs – Women still have a small share in the highly paid jobs. Even if a woman works for more hours than a man, her work is not given importance. This results in low paid and low valued jobs for women.

3. Women are paid less than men – Despite the Equal Wages of Act women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.

4. Preference for Son – In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. This has led to decline in child sex – ratio (927)

5. Exploitation at workplace and domestic violence – Women are exploited and harassed at the workplace. They have to face different forms of domestic violence at home.

(Any 2 point to be considered)

i. There is no official religion for the Indian State.

ii. The constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion.

iii. The constitution prohibits discrimination on the ground of religion.

iv. The constitution allows the state to intervene in the matter of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities.

v. Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained. [2 × 1 = 2]

(i) It should be made mandatory for political parties to provide equal membership to women.

(ii) Political parties should involve women in decision making process.

(iii) Women should be given leadership roles in political parties

(iv) Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained [2x1=2]

[2x1=2]

(i) There is no official religion for the Indian state.

(ii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion.

(iii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.

(iv) The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans untouchability.

(v) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

(i) Make it legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies.

(ii) More seats should be reserved for women in the elected bodies.

(iii) Encouraging women to participate actively in public life.

(iv) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained. [2x1=2]

i. Providing easy loans at low interest rate empower women to become an entrepreneur.

ii. Providing vocational training may encourage women run and grow their own business.

iii. Government should introduce women focused start-up schemes.

iv. Government should introduce subsidies and tax benefits to encourage women entrepreneur.

v. Any other relevant point.

(Any two suggested points to be explained.) [2 × 1 = 2]

(i) Women from the very beginning should be encouraged to participate in sports related events in school and college.

(ii) Educational institutions and government should organise regular sports related training programmes.

(iii) Women should be provided a nutritious diet.

(iv) Equal salaries for women along with that of men in any sport should be promoted.

(v) Any other relevant point.

Any two suggestions to be explained. [2x1=2]

(i) By increasing the literacy rate among women

(ii) By increasing the political representation of women

(iii) By investing in education of girls.

(iv) Legal protection to women in the employment sector

(v) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be suggested.

(i) There is no official religion for the Indian state.

(ii) Our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.

(iii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities, freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.

(iv) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.

(v) At the same time, the Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans untouchability.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be described.

(i) Increasing training programmes.

(ii) Increasing mentorship programmes.

(iii) Improving career and educational opportunities for women.

(iv) Developing different skills among women.

(v) Laws like Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (Womens’ Reservation Act 2023) should be effectively implemented.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be suggested. [2 x 1 = 2]

(i) To ensure a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies.

(ii) To enhance political education and awareness amongst women.

(iii) Increase education and skill development among women.

(iv) Laws like Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023 (Women Reservation Act, 2023) should be effectively implemented.

(v) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be suggested. [2 x 1 = 2]

(a) Suggest any two measures to promote secularism as mentioned in the Indian Constitution. [2x1=2]

(i) There is no official religion for the Indian state.

(ii) Our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.

(iii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities the freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.

(iv) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.

(v) At the same time, the Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion to ensure equality within religious communities.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

OR

(b) Suggest any two measures to ensure participation of women in public life. [2x1=2]

(i) Increase the literacy rate among women.

(ii) To promote gender equality.

(iii) Strictly follow the Equal Remuneration Act.

(iv) To ensure increased representation in public/political life.

(v) For example in 2023, Nari shakti Vandan Adhiniyam has been passed to ensure women participation.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

i. Ensuring representation in political institutions.

ii. Enhancing their legal status.

iii. Improving the availability of education and job opportunities for them.

iv. Ensuring equality in all walks of life.

v. Any other relevant point

(Any two points to be explained) [2 × 1 = 2]

i. Women representation are ensured in our democratic processes.

ii. 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendment have given 33% reservation to women at local level.

iii. Due to education and training more women are coming forward to take part in policy making process in the country.

iv. Women are heading panchayats.

v. Women are heading the posts of President and Cabinet Minister in India, as well as Chief Ministers of various states.

vi. Indian voters have elected women to numerous state legislative assemblies and national parliament of many decades.

vii. Any other relevant points.

Any two points to be examined. [2 x 1 = 2]

(i) There is no official religion for the Indian State.

(ii) Our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.

(iii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion.

(iv) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.

(v) Secularism is an idea that constitutes one of the foundations of our country.

(vi) At the same time the Constitution allows the State to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities.

(vii) Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained. [2x1=2]

i. Some Parents prefer to spend more resources for their sons rather than for their daughters.

ii. Many women often face domestic violence.

iii. Many a times highly paid valued jobs are very less for women.

iv. In many areas of work in private sectors women are not provided equal wages to men.

v. Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained. [2x1=2]

(i) When beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions a

(ii) Communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community.

(iii) Communalism leads to the belief that people belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens in a nation.

(iv) People of one religion do not have the same interest and aspirations in every context

(v) Religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one's religions over other religions

(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained) [2x1=2]

i. Shift from one occupation to another.

ii. When a new generation takes up occupations other than those practiced by their ancestors.

iii. Socio- economic changes are happening due to occupational mobility.

iv. Any other relevant point.

Any two aspects to be mentioned. [2 x 1 = 2]

1. No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. So, every candidate and party needs to win the confidence of more than one caste and community to win elections.

2. No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community. When people say that a caste is a ‘vote bank’ of one party, it usually means that a large proportion of the voters from that caste vote for that party.

3. Many political parties may put up candidates from the same caste (if that caste is believed to dominate the electorate in a particular constituency). Some voters have more than one candidate from their caste while many voters have no candidate from their caste.

4. The ruling party and the sitting MP or MLA frequently lose elections in our country. That could not have happened if all castes and communities were frozen in their political preferences.

(Any 3 points)

(i) Democracy is based on the principle of equality.

(ii) The practice of Universal Adult Franchise in democracy ensures gender based equality.

(iii) Once the principle of equality is recognised it becomes easier for women to wage a struggle against what is now unacceptable legally and morally.

(iv) Women constitute half of the population; democracy cannot achieve its goal of equality without treating women equally.

(v) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained. [3x1=3]

(i) There is no official religion for the Indian state.

(ii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination based on caste, creed or religion.

(iii) The Constitution prohibits untouchability (Article 17).

(iv) Right to equality is a fundamental right.

(v) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained. [3x1=3]

(i) Government should initiate literacy enhancing programmes for urban as well as grass root level.

(ii) Counselling sessions for parents and society for the promotion of enrolment and education.

(iii) Increase literacy campaigns to educate the girl child by enrolling them in formal schools.

(iv) Initiating educative programs and propaganda to break down traditional prejudices, against girl's education.

(v) Granting concession in the form of scholarships to poor and meritorious girl students.

(vi) Effective enforcement of compulsory education of girls.

(vii) Providing other convenience and incentive. Such as adjustment of school timings, free mid-day meals, free medical and health facilities etc.

(viii) Develop an environment where women could demand information.

(ix) Inculcate the confidence in women.

(x) Any other relevant point

Any three points to be explained. [3x1=3]

(35.1) 10 Years

(35.2) (i) The person who fills the Census form visits every household and records the religion of each member.

(ii) Any other relevant point.

(Any one point to be explained.)

(35.3) (i) Census gives reliable information on the proportion of different social communities in the country and how it has changed over the years.

(ii) The record shows the population proportion of six major religious communities in the country.

(iii) Any other relevant point.

(Any two point to be explained.)

(a)

(i) There is no official religion of the Indian State.

(ii) The Constitution treates all religions equally.

(iii) Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion.

(iv) The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matter of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities.

(v) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.

(vi) Hence, we can say that secularism is the very idea of the Indian Constitution.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

OR

(b)

(i) Promote education among women.

(ii) Equal employment opportunities.

(iii) Follow Equal Remuneration Act 1976 that provides equal wages should be paid to equal work.

(iv) Enhancing the political and legal status of women and career opportunities.

(v) Encourage participation of women among the highly paid and valued jobs.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

A – Coalition Government.

(B) Lack of internal democracy

(A) The Supreme Court of India

(C) a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii [1]

(A) Indian National Congress and Communist Party of India (M)

(A) Only I, II and III are correct

(A) Communist Party of India (M) & Bhartiya Janta Party

(A) Bharatiya Janata Party & Aam Aadmi Party

(A) Only I, II and III are correct

(B) Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party- Goa

(C) Only I, III and IV are correct.

(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

(d) Biju Janta Dal - Odisha

(B) Only I, III and IV are correct.

(B) Telugu Desam-Cycle-Andhra Pradesh

(D) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam – Tamil Nadu

(b) United Kingdom

(D) China

D – Through Election and Voter Support

(C) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(C) United States of America

(D) It has been made mandatory for all parties to conduct organizational elections and file income tax returns

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(C) It is mandatory for all the candidates to give details of criminal cases on affidavit.

(c) Odisha

(b) India

(c) America

(a) Both Assertion(A) and Reason (R) are true and reason(R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A)

(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

(A) China

(a) Democracy

(i) Internal democracy should be strengthened.

(ii) The growing role of money and muscle power should be checked.

(iii) The parties should offer meaningful choices to the voters.

(iv) The common workers of the party should be given an opportunity to rise to power.

(v) It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third, to women candidates.

(vi) Citizens, pressure groups and movements and the media can put pressure on political parties to overcome the challenges.

(vii) It should be able to accommodate the social and regional divisions.

(viii) India should strengthen the multiparty system, keeping in mind its social and geographical diversity.

(ix) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be suggested. [2x1=2]

(i) Political parties raise and highlight issues.

(ii) Parties have lakhs of members and activists spread all over the country.

(iii) Many pressure groups are the extensions of political parties.

(iv) Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.

(v) Often opinions in the society crystallise on the lines that parties take.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained. [2x1=2]

(i) Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission.

(ii) Parties are given a unique symbol by the commission.

(iii) Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities are 'recognised' by the Election Commission for this purpose.

(iv) The Election Commission has laid down detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and seats that a party must get in order to be a recognised party.

(v) Any other relevant point

(Any two points to be explained) [2x1=2]

(i) India is a large country.

(ii) It has geographical diversity.

(iii) It has social diversity.

(iv) Due to historical reasons.

(v) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained [1x2=2]

(i) Political party that wins the election is called the ruling party whereas those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition party.

(ii) Ruling party runs the government whereas opposition party criticises government for its failure or wrong policies.

(iii) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be mentioned) [1x2=2]

(i) Countries where one party is allowed to control and run the government are called one-party system. Example—China.

(ii) Countries where power usually changes between two main parties are called two-party system. Example—USA and UK.

(iii) Any Other relevant Point

[1x2=2]

i. Multi-Party system accommodates diversity of society better than a single party system

ii. Multi- party system gives democratic option to choose from many to the citizens which is not possible in single party system.

iii. Multi- Party system allows a variety of interest and opinion to enjoy political representation.

iv. Multi- Party system also takes care of different sections of society.

v. Any other relevant points.

Any three points to be explained. [3 × 1 = 3]

(i) Multi-party system is beneficial for socially diverse countries like India.

(ii) This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.

(iii) Multi-Party system enables political representation from different sections of the society.

(iv) It allows room for different political ideologies to be represented.

(v) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained. [3x1=3]

[3x1=3]

(i) Parties contest elections.

(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes.

(iii) They group a variety of public opinions into a few basic positions, providing direction for government policy-making.

(iv) Parties play a decisive role in making laws.

(v) Parties recruit leaders, train them, and make them ministers to run the government.

(vi) Parties that lose elections act as the opposition. They voice alternative views, criticise government failures or wrong policies and mobilise public opinion against government decisions when necessary.

(vii) Parties raise and highlight issues, often launching movement. They help to crystallise societal opinions along the lines parties support.

(viii) Parties help people access government machinery and benefit from welfare schemes implemented by the government.

(ix) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

(a)

(i) Political parties are the most visible institution in a democracy.

(ii) They reflect fundamental political division in society.

(iii) Political parties contest elections.

(iv) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters chose them.

(v) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for the country.

(vi) Parties form and run government.

(vii) Parties play the role of opposition by voicing different views and criticizing the government for its wrong policies.

(viii) Parties shape public opinion.

(ix) Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes.

(x) Any other relevant point.

Any three examples to be explained.

OR

(b)

(i) Party system is not something any country can choose. Each country develops a party system that is conditioned by its special circumstances.

(ii) India adopted multi-party system due to its social diversity.

(iii) India has vast geographical diversity. So, in such a large country diversity is not absorbed by two or even three parties.

(iv) Multiparty system allows a variety of interest and opinions to enjoy political representation.

(v) Any other relevant point.

Any three examples to be explained.

(a)

(i) Political parties select candidates to contest elections.

(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them.

(iii) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.

(iv) Parties form and run governments. Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want.

(v) Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power.

(vi) They voice different views and criticise government for its failures or wrong policies.

(vii) Parties shape public opinion by raising and highlighting issues.

(viii) Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.

(ix) Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments.

(x) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be described.

OR

(b)

(i) All over the world there is lack of internal democracy within parties- Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly.

(ii) Most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning. In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family.

(iii) There is growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections. Since parties are focused only on winning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections.

(iv) Very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.

(v) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be described.

(i) Existence of many political parties.

(ii) Increased chances of a coalition government.

(iii) Provides checks and balances.

(iv) More choices for voters.

(v) Accommodates diverse opinions.

(vi) Inclusive policy making.

(vii) Enhances political stability.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be described. [3 x 1 = 3]

(i) The first challenge is lack of internal democracy within parties.

(ii) The concentration of power in the hands of one or few leaders.

(iii) Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organizational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly.

(iv) The challenge of dynastic succession is commonly faced by political parties.

(v) Most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning.

(vi) The growing role of money and muscle power in parties during elections is another challenge.

(vii) Parties are focused only on winning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections.

(viii) They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.

(ix) Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party.

(x) In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections.

(xi) Often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.

(xii) Any other relevant point.

Any three challenges to be explained. [3 x 1 = 3]

i. Parties contest elections.

ii. Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them.

iii. Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.

iv. Parties shape public opinion.

v. Parties provide people access to public machinery and welfare schemes.

vi. Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.) [3 × 1 = 3]

i. Political parties exercise political power and form government.

ii. Parties contest election.

iii. Parties put forward different policies and programs.

iv. Parties play a decisive role in making laws for the country.

v. Parties play the role of opposition.

vi. Parties shape public opinion.

vii. Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes, implemented by government.

viii. Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be analyzed. [3x1=3]

(i) Political Parties contest elections.

(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them.

(iii) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.

(iv) Parties form and run the government.

(v) Parties recruit and train the leaders.

(vi) Parties play the role of opposition.

(vii) Parties shape public opinion.

(viii) Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments.

(ix) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained. [3 x 1 = 3]

i. Political parties run and form government.

ii. Political parties put forward different policies and programs and the voters choose from them.

iii. Political parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.

iv. Political parties play the role of opposition.

v. Political parties shape the public opinion.

vi. Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments.

vii. Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained. [3 x 1 = 3]

(i) Political parties raise and highlight issues.

(ii) Parties have lakhs of members and activists spread all over the country.

(iii) Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of political parties among different sections of society.

(iv) Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.

(v) Opinions in the society crystallise on the lines parties take.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be analysed.)

(i) Lack of internal democracy

(ii) Dynastic Succession

(iii) Role of money and muscle power

(iv) Lack of meaningful choice

(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be analyzed.)

(i) Lack of internal democracy.

(ii) Political parties do not conduct regular internal election and do not hold meetings.

(iii) Dynastic succession

(iv) Money and muscle power

(v) They do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.

(vi) Any other relevant point

(Any three points to be explained.)

(i) Parties contest elections.

(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes.

(iii) Parties play an important role in making laws for a country.

(iv) Parties form and run governments.

(v) Parties that lose the election form the opposition.

(vi) Parties shape public opinion.

(vii) Parties provide the common man access to government machinery and welfare schemes.

(viii) Any other relevant point

Any three points to be explained. [3x1=3]

i. Political parties are the most visible institutions in a democracy. For most ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties.

ii. A political party is a group of people who contest election and hold power in the government.

iii. The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies. Large scale societies need representative democracy.

iv. As societies became large and complex, they also needed some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government.

v. They needed some way to bring various representatives together so that a responsible government could be formed.

vi. They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, justify, or oppose them.

vii. We can say that parties are a necessary condition for a democracy.

viii. Any other relevant point

Any three points to be analyzed. [3x1=3]

(i) Every party in the country has to register with the Election commission.

(ii) The commission treats all parties equally.

(iii) Parties are given a unique symbol—only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol.

(iii) Parties ‘recognised’ by the Election Commission are called as recognised political parties.

(iv) The Election Commission recognized political parties in proportion of votes and seats

(v) To be recognized as a State party, it should get at least six per cent of total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly and wins at least two seats.

(vi) To be recognized as a National party, it should get at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elctions or Assembly elections in four states and wins at least four seats in Lok Sabha

(vi) Any other relevant point

Any three points to be explained [1x3=3]

(i) Large societies need representative democracy.

(ii) As societies became large and complex, they also needed some agency to gather different views on various issues.

(iii) These groups present these views to the government.

(iv) They try to bring various representatives together.

(v) They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government and to make policies.

(vi) Political parties try to fulfil needs that every representative government has.

(vii) Any other relevant point

(Any three points to be examined) [1x3=3]

28.1.

1. Every candidate in the elections will be independent. So no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes

2. The government may be formed but: it’s utility will remain uncertain. Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency for what they do in their locality.

(Any one Point)

28.2

1. Contesting Elections: Parties select candidates and compete in elections, presenting different choices to voters.

2. Formulating Policies & Programmes: They put forward their ideologies as policies and programs for people to support.

3. Making Laws: Parties play a decisive role in debating and passing laws in the legislature.

4. Forming & Running Governments: The majority party forms the government and runs it, implementing its agenda.

5. Playing the Role of Opposition: Defeated parties act as opposition, criticizing government failures and holding it accountable.

6. Shaping Public Opinion: Parties highlight issues, raise public awareness, and influence how people think.

7. Providing Access to Government: They act as a link, helping citizens access government machinery and welfare schemes.

(Any 2 point)

28.3 -India adopted a multi-party system primarily due to its vast social and geographical diversity, including different religions, cultures, languages, and regions, which couldn't be adequately represented by just one or two parties, ensuring broader voice, interests, and preventing power concentration in a single group, strengthening democracy.

(27.1) [1]

(i) Several parties compete for power.

(ii) More than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming in power either on their own strength or in alliance with others.

(iii) Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

(27.2) [1]

(i) It deprives the citizens the choice to choose who will form the government.

(ii) It is almost like dictatorship.

(iii) One party system does not provide a meaningful choice to the voters.

(iv) Any other relevant point.

Any one point.

(27.3) [2x1=2]

(i) In a multi-party system when no single party is able to muster the majority votes, it takes the support of other parties to form government.

(ii) This system allows a variety of interest and opinions to enjoy the political representation.

(iii) It reduces the dominance of any one party to act according to its whims and fancies in the government.

(iv) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

36.1 [1]

(i) Representative democracy is a system of government when the citizens/ public of a country choose their leader/representative on their behalf.

(ii) It is also known as indirect democracy.

(iii) Any other relevant point

Any one point to be explained.

36.2 [1]

(i) They raise and highlight issues.

(ii) Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.

(iii) Often opinions in society crystallize on the lines parties take.

(iv) Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

36.3 [2]

(i) Parties are the pillars of democracy.

(ii) Society needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, justify or oppose them.

(iii) Political parties fulfil these needs that every representative government has.

(iv) Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained.

36.1 Explain the meaning of a 'Political Party.' (1)

(i) A political party is a group of people who come together to contest election and hold power in the government.

(ii) Any other relevant points

Any One Point

36.2 'The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.' Support the statement. (1)

(i) Large Societies need representative democracy

(ii) Political parties give platform to elect representatives and representatives formed the government.

(iii) Any other relevant points

Any One Point

36.3 Why are political parties a necessary condition for a democracy? Explain. (2x1=2)

i. Political parties bring various representatives together so that a responsible government could be formed.

ii. They work as a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make policies, justify, or oppose them.

iii. Political parties fulfil the needs that every representative government has.

iv. Any other relevant points

Any two Points

27A

Political parties play a significant role in the effective working of a democracy. To fill political offices and exercise political power, political parties are needed to perform a series of functions, which are the following

1. Parties contest elections. Elections are fought mainly among candidates put up by political parties. In India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections.

2. Parties put forward different policies and programmes. Political parties in a democracy group together similar opinions, to provide a direction in which government policies can be formulated.

3. Parties make laws for a country. Laws are debated and passed in the legislature.

4. Parties that lose elections play the role of the opposition. Opposition parties voice their views by criticizing the government for its failure or wrong policies.

5. Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues and resolve people’s problems. Many pressure groups are the extensions of political parties.

6. Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes. For an ordinary citizen it is easier to approach a local party leader than a government officer. (Any 5 points)

OR

27B

1. Most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning. So there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party.

2. Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage as they favour people close to them or even their family members.

3. In many parties in India, we see a trend of dynastic succession. The top positions are always controlled by members of a particular family, which is unfair to other members of the party, and bad for democracy.

4. This is so because people who do not have adequate experience or popular support come to occupy positions of power.

5. More than loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important. This tendency is seen all over the world, even in older democracies.

(a)

(i) Political parties contest election.

(ii) They put forward different policies and programmes.

(iii) They make laws.

(iv) They form and run government.

(v) They play the role of oppositions.

(vi) They shape public opinion.

(vii) They provide access to government machinery and welfare schemes.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be described. [5x1=5]

OR

(b)

(i) Lack of internal democracy.

(ii) Dynastic succession.

(iii) Growing role of money and muscle power.

(iv) Lack of meaningful choice.

(v) Lack of transparency.

(vi) Lack of equal opportunity.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be described. [5x1=5]

(a)

(i) Parties contest elections. In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties.

(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them.

(iii) Political parties reduce a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which they support.

(iv) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.

(v) Parties form and run governments. Big policy decisions are taken by political executives that come from the political parties.

(vi) Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing different views and criticizing government for its failures or wrong policies.

(vii) Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues.

(viii) Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people. Often opinions in the society crystallise on the lines parties take.

(ix) Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments. For an ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer.

(x) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be examined.) [5 × 1 = 5]

OR

(b)

(i) In a large and complex societies political parties are needed to gather different views on various issues to present them to government.

(ii) Political parties are needed to bring together representatives to form a responsible government.

(iii) In the absence of political parties every candidate in the elections will be independent. So, no one will be able to make any promise to the people about any major policy change.

(iv) In absence of political parties government will be formed but its utility will remain uncertain.

(v) Political parties are needed to support or restrain the government.

(vi) Political parties are crucial in making policies, justifying them or oppose them.

(vii) Political parties are needed to provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes because they are easily accessible.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be examined.) [5 × 1 = 5]

(a)

(i) Parties contest elections.

(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them.

(iii) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.

(iv) Parties form and run governments. Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want.

(v) Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing different views and criticising government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government.

(vi) Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues.

(vii) Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by governments.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained. [5x1=5]

OR

(b)

(i) The first challenge is lack of internal democracy within parties. All over the world there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top. Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly.

(ii) The second challenge that is faced by the political parties is of dynastic succession. Since most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party. Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members.

(iii) The third challenge is about the growing role of money power in parties, especially during elections. Since parties are focussed only on winning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money. Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party.

(iv) The fourth challenge of the growing role of muscle power in the functioning of political parties is another issue faced by the political parties. In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections.

(v) The fifth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters. In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different. In recent years, there has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world. For example, the difference between the Labour Party and the Conservative Party in Britain is very little.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained. [5x1=5]

(a)

(i) Lack of internal democracy within parties.

(ii) Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organizational meeting and do not conduct internal election regularly.

(iii) Dynastic succession.

(iv) Money and Muscle power.

(v) Lack of decision-making process.

(vi) Lack of meaningful choice to the voters.

(vii) Lack of ideological differences among parties.

(viii) Any other relevant point

(Any FIVE points to be explained) [5x1=5]

OR

(b)

(i) Parties Contest Elections

(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programs and the voters choose from them

(iii) They make laws.

(iv) Parties form and run government

(v) Function as opposition

(vi) Shape public opinion

(vii) Provide access to government machinery and welfare schemes.

(viii) Any other relevant point

(Any FIVE points to be explained) [5x1=5]

(a)

Definition of Political Parties:

Political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. (1)

Challenges faced by political parties:

i. Lack of internal democracy within parties

ii. Political parties do not conduct regular internal elections and do not hold meetings.

iii. Dynastic Succession

iv. Growing role of money and muscle power in parties

v. Lack of Meaningful Choice to the Voters

v. Any other relevant point. (4X1=4)

Any four points to be explained

OR

(b)

Definition of multi - party system –

If several parties compete for power, and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others, we call it a multiparty system. (1)

Merit:

i. This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.

ii. More choice with the voters

iii. Any other relevant point. (2X1=2)

Demerit:

i. The multiparty system often appears very messy

ii. Sometimes it leads to political instability.

iii. Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained from each section) (2X1=2)

(a)

(i) Political parties are the essential component of democracy.

(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them.

(iii) Parties play an important role in making laws for a country.

(iv) Parties form and run governments.

(v) Parties that lose the election play the role of opposition.

(vi) Parties shape the public opinion.

(vii) Parties provide the common man access to government machinery and welfare schemes.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.) [1x5=5]

OR

(b)

(i) The constitution has been amended to prevent defection by MLAs or MPs.

(ii) Provision within a political party to tackle internal conflicts.

(iii) All the candidates contesting election must file income tax return.

(iv) The supreme court has made it mandatory to file an affidavit by all candidates contesting election regarding the criminal cases pending against them.

(v) File an affidavit as per the order given by the Supreme Court.

(vi) Election commission has passed an order to hold organisational election regularly by the political parties.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.) [1x5=5]

(a)

(i) Lack of internal democracy

(ii) Dynastic succession

(iii) Money power

(iv) Muscle power

(v) Lack of meaningful choice

(vi) Any other relevant point

(Any five points to be examined) [1x5=5]

OR

(b)

(i) Parties contest election

(ii) Parties put different policies and programmes before the people.

(iii) Parties play decisive role in making laws

(iv) Parties form and run government

(v) Parties play the role of opposition

(vi) Parties shape public opinion

(vii) Parties provide people access to welfare schemes implemented by Governments

(viii) Any other relevant point

(Any five points to be examined) [1x5=5]

(a)

i. Lack of Internal democracy-

ii. Dynastic Succession.

iii. Use of Money power:

iv. Use of Muscle Power.

v. The meaningful choice to others

vi. Any other relevant point

Any five points to be explained [5x1=5]

OR

(b)

i. Candidates are put forward by parties to contest in elections.

ii. Contest elections

iii. Parties put forward policies and programs.

iv. Parties play an important role in making laws for a country.

v. Parties form and run governments.

vi. Parties that lose the election play the role of the opposition.

vii. Parties shape public opinion.

viii. Parties provide the common man access to government machinery and welfare schemes.

ix. Any other relevant point

Any five points to be explained [5x1=5]

(C) Most of the resources are utilised by the developed countries

(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

(D) Thinking accommodations of various demands.

(C) Uneven distribution of wealth among nations

(b) Citizens feel empowered to determine policies.

(A) It enhances the dignity of the individuals

(b) To create a separation of powers to prevent from authoritarianism.

C – I, III and IV

(A) Only I, II and III are correct

(D) Democratic Government

(a) Democratic

(d) It does not allow room to correct mistakes

(d) Territorial issues with neighboring countries

(a)

(i) Democracy produces a government that is accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.

(ii) Democratic government is a legitimate government.

(iii) Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and discussion

(iv) Democracy produces a government that follows due procedures before taking decisions.

(v) Regular free and fair elections make democracy a responsible form of government.

(vi) Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained [2x1=2]

OR

(b)

(i) Democracy is based on the principle of equality.

(ii) Democracy provides equal opportunities for economic development

(iii) Democratic governments are welfare governments and they provide incentives to people through various schemes.

(iv) Democratic governments work towards equitable distribution of resources

(v) Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained [2x1=2]

(i) In a democracy, people have more expectations and many complaints.

(ii) They ask for more and want to make democracy even better.

(iii) It shows that people have developed awareness about their rights and the system.

(iv) It indicates that people have developed ability to look critically at the power holders and the influential.

(v) The public expression transforms people from the status of subjects into that of citizens.

(vi) Most individuals now believe that their vote impacts how the government is run.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained. [2x1=2]

(Any two points of difference to be explained.) [2 × 1 = 2]

(i) Promotes equality among citizens.

(ii) Enhances the dignity of the individual.

(iii) Improves the quality of decision-making.

(iv) Provides a method to resolve conflicts.

(v) Allows room to correct mistakes.

(vi) Citizens have the freedom of speech and expression.

(vii) They also have the right to vote and elect their own representatives. It is a legitimate government.

(viii) Democracy provides freedom to form their own government whereas dictatorships are based on self-created interest.

(ix) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be examined. [2x1=2]

(i) Minority and majority must work together.

(ii) Majority does not become rule by majority community.

(iii) Democratic rule needs to be accommodative.

(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be mentioned.) [1x2=2]

i. All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives’

ii. Parallel to the process of bringing individuals into the political arena on an equal footing

iii. Promotes equality among citizens

iv. Enhances the dignity of the individual

v. Any other relevant point

Any two points to be examined [2x1=2]

1. Democracies accommodate various social divisions. For example, Belgium has peacefully solved her ethnic problems and solved the differences.

2. All democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct competition, i.e. conduct elections, power-sharing, etc. This reduces the possibility of tensions, due to social divisions, turning violent or explosive.

3. Democracy teaches people to respect the differences and resolve conflicts among different groups peacefully. In non-democratic countries, rulers either turn a blind eye to or suppress internal differences. For example, Sri Lanka. The plus point in democratic regime is the ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts.

4. A democracy is not just a rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that the government represents the general view.

5. A democratic government ensures that the rule by the majority does not become autocratic in terms of religion, race or linguistic group etc. It tries to show that in every election, different persons and groups can form a majority. It tries to see that every citizen has a chance to be in majority at some point of time and is not barred on the basis of birth. All these things ensured by a democratic regime lead to a peaceful and harmonious life.

(Any three points to be considered)

i. Democracy promotes political equality through one person one vote.

ii. It provides equal opportunity.

iii. It ensures protection against discrimination.

iv. It works to reduce inequality and promote social justice.

v. It encourages all citizens to participate in decision making process.

vi. Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained. [3 × 1 = 3]

(i) The democratic system of government is considered good because people are the source of all political power.

(ii) In a democracy people rule themselves through institutions of self-government.

(iii) Democracy ensures active participation, representation and decision-making opportunities for the people.

(iv) Democracy encourages public debates and opinions. These public opinions are used in policy making.

(v) In democracy, people can make the government accountable as the system gives enough scope for ensuring transparency.

(vi) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflicts between social groups.

(vii) Democratic governments are elected by the people. It gives legitimacy to the government. Thus, it is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

(i) People have the right to choose their rulers and people will have control over the rulers.

(ii) Citizens should be able to participate in decision-making so that the government is accountable to the citizens.

(iii) Decision-making will be based on norms and procedures.

(iv) Democratic government is legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean but a democratic government is people’s own government.

(v) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

(i) Democracy provides means to examine the process of decision making, so it is transparent.

(ii) Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation.

(iii) Democracy ensures that decision-making will be based on certain norms and procedures.

(iv) Democracy follows procedures and is accountable to the people.

(v) Democracy is a legitimate and accountable government.

Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained) [3x1=3]

i. Democracies try to produce harmonious social life.

ii. Democracies can better accommodate various social divisions.

iii. Democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces the possibility of tensions becoming explosive or violent.

iv. Democracies are better able to evolve mechanisms to handle and negotiate the social differences, divisions and conflict.

v. Democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion.

vi. Majority works with minority so that governments function to represent the general view.

vii. Democracy promotes dignity and freedom of individuals

viii. Promotes equality among citizens;

ix. Improves the quality of decision-making;

x. Provides a method to resolve conflict

xi. Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained. [3 x 1 = 3]

(i) Democracy is a transparent and legitimate government.

(ii) It ensures that decision-making will be based on norms and procedure.

(iii) Every citizen has the right and means to examine the process of decision-making.

(iv) Democratic governments are accountable.

(v) People have the right to choose their rulers.

(vi) Democracy gives its citizens the right to information.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be analysed) [1x3=3]

(i) Most of the democracies face limited economic development due to limited economic growth.

(ii) Factors like population size, global situation, cooperation from other countries affect economic development.

(iii) In most of the democratic countries economic inequalities have been observed.

(iv) Most of the democracies try to distribute wealth in such a way that all citizens of country will have a share and lead a better life.

(v) Any other relevant point

(Any three points to be analysed) [1x3=3]

i. It ensures that people select their own representatives by conducting regular, free and fair elections

ii. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation

iii. Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures

iv. It produce a government that follows procedures

v. It is accountable to the people

vi. It develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable

vii. It is based on the mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision making whenever they think fit

viii. It works on open public debate on major policies and legislations

ix. It gives citizens’ right to information about the government and its functioning

x. Any other relevant point

Any three points to be explained [3x1=3]

(A) [5x1=5]

(i) Democracy ensures that citizens have the power to elect their representatives and control the rulers through participation in elections.

(ii) A basic outcome of democracy is that the government is accountable to the citizens.

(iii) Citizens can question decisions and procedures are followed before decisions are made.

(iv) Democratic governments aim to be responsive to the needs and expectations of the people.

(v) Citizens have the right and means to examine how decisions are taken, ensuring that government actions are transparent.

(vi) Democracy develops institutions and processes that allow citizens to participate in decision-making.

(vii) Democracy is considered a legitimate government because it is people’s own government, chosen by them.

(viii) Practices such as free and fair elections, open public debate, and citizens’ right to information strengthen the accountability, responsiveness and legitimacy of the government.

(ix) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be examined.

OR

(B) [5x1=5]

(i) Democracy promotes dignity and freedom of the individual.

(ii) The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy.

(iii) Respect to and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society.

(iv) Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.

(v) It makes ordinary citizens value their democratic rights.

(vi) It transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a citizen.

(vii) It provides a method to resolve conflict.

(viii) It promotes equality among citizens.

(ix) Democracy guarantees rights of citizens.

(x) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be examined.

(a) The outcomes of democracy can be assessed on the following basis:

(i) Promotes equality among citizens.

(ii) Enhances the dignity of the individual.

(iii) Improves the quality of decision making.

(iv) Provides methods to resolve conflicts.

(v) Allows room to correct mistakes.

(vi) Accommodates social diversity.

(vii) Produces a government that is accountable to the citizens.

(viii) Responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.

(ix) Based on ideas of deliberation and negotiations.

(x) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

OR

(b)

(i) Equal rights and opportunities.

(ii) Freedom to express oneself.

(iii) Choose their leaders and participate in the political process.

(iv) Based on respect, dignity and freedom.

(v) In a democracy, citizens have the right and means to examine the process of decision making.

(vi) Accommodates social diversity.

(vii) Produces a government that is accountable to the citizens.

(viii) Responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.

(ix) Based on ideas of deliberation and negotiations.

(x) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(a)

(i) Democratic government promotes equality among citizens;

(ii) It enhances the dignity of the individual;

(iii) It improves the quality of decision-making;

(iv) It provides a method to resolve conflicts;

(v) It allows room to correct mistakes.

(vi) It is accountable, responsive and legitimate form of government

(vii) It accommodates social diversity.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be analysed.

OR

(b)

(i) Democracy strengthens the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated groups for equal status and equal opportunity.

(ii) Democracies are based on political equality. All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives.

(iii) Democracy discourages discrimination on the basis of economic status, language, religion etc.

(iv) Democratic governments make special provisions like reservation in educational institutions and government jobs for socially and economically weaker sections.

(v) Democratic government put forward schemes to eradicate poverty.

(vi) Democratic governments initiate employment generation programmes.

(vii) Economic inequalities are found in democratic countries.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be analysed.

(A)

(i) Citizens in a democracy elect their leaders who form the government.

(ii) Leaders are accountable to the citizens.

(iii) Governments are bound to respond to the demands and expectations of the citizens.

(iv) Decision making by the government takes place through deliberation and negotiation.

(v) Citizens have right to get information about the government and its functioning.

(vi) Decision making is based on norms and procedures.

(vii) It is the people’s own government, and the government is answerable to the people.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any five arguments to be justified. [5 x 1 = 5]

OR

(B)

(i) Democracy accommodates social divisions in a better way as opposed to dictatorships.

(ii) Democracies develop procedures to resolve conflict. Dictatorships supress conflicts.

(iii) Democracies develop systems to prevent tensions from becoming explosive or violent. Dictaorships impose decisions which may lead to violence.

(iv) Democracies evolve mechanisms to negotiate differences. Dictatorships suppress differences.

(v) Democracies work both with minority and majority. Dictatorships tend to work with the majority and dominate the minority.

(vi) Democracies support a majority government and not majoritarianism. Dictatorships follow majoritarianism.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

Any five arguments to be justified. [5 x 1 = 5]

(a)

(i) Economic development depends on several factors: country’s population, size, global situation, cooperation from other countries, economic priorities adopted by the country, etc.

(ii) Equality being one of the basic principles in democracy it is expected from democracies to reduce economic inequalities.

(iii) Democracy encourages economic growth through reforms and policies.

(iv) Democracy promotes initiatives like Make in India and MGNREGA.

(v) The policies of globalization and liberalization adopted by democracies have encouraged international trade leading to progress.

(vi) It strengthens infrastructure projects.

(vii) It expands digital economy.

(viii) It supports easy loans, subsidies and enhances agricultural growth.

(ix) It focuses on renewable energy for sustainable development.

(x) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be evaluated. [5 x 1 = 5]

OR

(b)

(i) Democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens.

(ii) It negotiates social differences.

(iii) It reduces the possibility of tensions.

(iv) It produces a method to resolve conflicts.

(v) It has the ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts.

(vi) The majority needs to work with minority so that governments function to represent the general view.

(vii) Elections ensure the formation of majority government representing diversity and not a majoritarian one.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be evaluated. [5 x 1 = 5]

(a)

i. Democracy promotes equality and discourages discrimination on any basis.

ii. Democratic governments provide basic facilities to the poor and disadvantaged groups and ensure minimum standard of living for all.

iii. Democratic governments introduce various employment generation schemes.

iv. Anti-poverty measures are adopted to promote economic growth.

v. Food security is ensured through the Public Distribution system.

vi. Democratic governments ensure health and education facilities for weaker sections of society.

vii. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained) [5 × 1 = 5]

OR

(b)

i. Democratic governments follow procedures to make decisions. Thus, decisions are acceptable to the people and are effective.

ii. Decision making is based on norms and procedures. So, a citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures can find this out. This is known as transparency.

iii. Democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable and mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision making.

iv. There are regular and free and fair elections.

v. Democratic governments often respond to the needs of people.

vi. People have the right to debate major policies and legislation.

vii. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained) [5 × 1 = 5]

(A)

i. Democratic government promote equality among its citizens.

ii. Democratic government enhances the dignity of the individual.

iii. Democratic government improves the quality of decision – making.

iv. Democratic government provides a method to resolve conflicts.

v. Democratic government allows room to correct mistakes.

vi. Democratic government is accountable to its citizens.

vii. Democratic government accommodates the social diversity.

viii. Democratic government respects the civil and human rights.

ix. Democratic government is a transparent government.

x. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained [5x1=5]

OR

(B)

i. Democracies try to produce harmonious social life

ii. Democracies can better accommodate various social divisions.

iii. Democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces the possibility of tensions becoming explosive or violent.

iv. Democracies are better able to evolve mechanisms to handle and negotiate the social differences, divisions and conflict.

v. Democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion.

vi. Majority works with minority so that governments function to represent the general view.

vii. Democracy promotes dignity and freedom of individuals

viii. Promotes equality among citizens;

ix. Improves the quality of decision-making;

x. Provides a method to resolve conflict

xi. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained [5x1=5]

(a)

(i) In democracy people have right to choose their rulers and have control over rulers whereas in dictatorship people cannot exercise this right.

(ii) There are regular free and fair elections, open public debates on major policies in democracy whereas in dictatorship people don’t get these rights.

(iii) Citizens’ right to information about government and its functioning ensures accountability of government whereas this accountability is missing in dictatorship.

(iii) In democracy decision making is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiations whereas in dictatorship, rulers do not bother about public opinion.

(iv) Democratic governments attend to the needs of people as they want to be elected again. In dictatorship, rulers don’t have to bother about elections.

(v) Democratic governments follow norms and procedures. Citizens have rights and means to examine the process of decision making. This feature is missing in dictatorship.

(vi) Democratic governments accommodate various social divisions.

(vii) Equal political rights, freedom of speech and expression enhance dignity of citizens and transform them from the status of subject into that of a citizens.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be analyzed [1 x 5 = 5]

OR

(b)

Democracy can better accommodate various social divisions

(i) Accommodation of social diversity in democracy helps the citizens to lead a peaceful and harmonious life. For example, Belgium successfully negotiated differences among ethnic populations.

(ii) Democracies usually develop a procedure to accommodate competition amongst various social groups.

(iii) Democracies are better able to evolve mechanism to handle and negotiate the social differences, divisions and conflicts.

(iv) Majority works with minority so that governments function to represent general view.

(v) It is tried that rule of majority doesn’t become rule of majority community in terms of religion, race or language etc.

(vi) Every citizen gets a chance of being in majority at some point of time.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be analyzed. [1 x 5 = 5]

(a)

The outcomes of democracy will be assessed on following points:

i. It promote equality among its citizens.

ii. It enhances the dignity of the individual.

iii. It improve the quality of decision – making.

iv. It provide a method to resolve conflicts.

v. It allow room to correct mistakes.

vi. It be accountable to its citizens.

vii. It accommodate social diversity.

viii. It respects civil and human rights.

ix. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained. [1 x 5 = 5]

OR

(b)

i. The democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable and mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision-making.

ii. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiations.

iii. Regular, free and fair election.

iv. Open public debate on major policies and legislations.

v. Citizens have right to information about government and its functioning.

vi. It promotes equality among citizens.

vii. It provides a method to resolve conflicts.

viii. It gives respect to the integrity of people.

ix. Equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society

x. Democracy is responsive to the needs of the people.

xi. Democracy gives moral force to individual freedom and dignity.

xii. Democracy promotes equal status and equal opportunity to the disadvantaged.

xiii. It is transparent as whatever policies govt. is forming, the knowledge of the same is there with the people also.

xiv. A democratic government is a legitimate government.

xv. They accommodate differences

xvi. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained. [1 x 5 = 5]

(a)

(i) It will be a fair expectation that democracy should produce a harmonious social life.

(ii) Belgium has successfully negotiated differences among ethnic populations.

(iii) Democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces the possibility of these tensions becoming explosive or violent.

(iv) No society can completely and permanently resolve conflicts between different groups, but we can learn to respect these differences and develop ways of negotiating harmony between them.

(v) Democracy is best suited to produce a more harmonious outcome.

(vi) Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite advantage of democratic regimes.

(vii) Majority works with minority.

(viii) Democracy develops procedures to conduct competition which ensures equality.

(ix) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be analyzed.)

OR

(b)

(i) Promotes political equality by supporting universal adult franchise

(ii) Enhances the dignity of individuals by recognizing them as citizens and not subjects.

(iii) Improves the quality of decision making through debate and discussion.

(iv) Allows room to correct mistakes.

(v) Many steps have been taken to reduce disparity through various Central and State government schemes.

(vi) Reservation has also helped to uplift the marginalized sections.

(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be analyzed.)

(a)

(i) Promotes political equality by supporting universal adult franchise.

(ii) Enhances the dignity of individuals by recognizing them as citizens not subjects.

(iii) Improves the quality of decision making through debate and discussion.

(iv) Provides a method to resolve conflicts through an independent and unbiased judiciary.

(v) We find growing inequalities in democracies the world over. A small number of the ultra- rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and incomes.

(vi) Their share in the total income has been increasing. Those at the bottom of the society has been declining. Sometimes they find it difficult to meet their basic needs of life.

(vii) The Central and State governments have taken many steps to reduce disparity through different welfare schemes of the central and state government.

(viii) Reservation has also helped to uplift the marginalised sections

(ix) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

OR

(b)

(i) A legitimate government is a lawful government formed on the basis of the consent of the people.

(ii) Citizens participate in decision making

(iii) Regular, free and fair elections.

(iv) This government is acceptable to the people as they elect the government.

(v) Open public debates on policies and legislations.

(vi) This government is also answerable to the people and is responsive to its needs.

(vii) Citizens have right to get information about the government and its functioning.

(viii) Democracy ensure that decision making is based on norms and procedures.

(ix) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

(a)

(i) It Promotes equality among citizens;

(ii) It Enhances the dignity of the individual

(iii) It improves the quality of decision-making

(iv) It Provides a method to resolve conflicts

(v) It allows room to correct mistakes.

(vi) Accommodates social diversity

(vii) Is an accountable and legitimate form of government

(viii) Enhances freedom of citizens.

(ix) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained)

OR

(b)

(i) Democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens.

(ii) Democracies have successfully negotiated differences among ethnic populations.

(iii) Democracy develops a mechanism to negotiate the differences.

(iv) Majority works with minority

(v) A democracy has the ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts.

(vi) Equal treatment of women is a necessary ingredients of a democratic society.

(vii) Democracy has strengthened the claims of disadvantaged.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained)

(a)

(i) Democracy gives freedom to People to select their government without any domination or pressure unlike other form of govt.

(ii) Democracies have had greater success in setting up regular and free elections and in setting up conditions for open public debate.

(iii) Democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens to hold government accountable and mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision-making. Promotes equality among citizens.

(iv) Democratic government enhances the dignity of the individual.

(v) Democratic government improves the quality of decision-making.

(vi) Democratic government provides a method to resolve conflicts.

(vii) Democracy provides a framework for political stability, accountability, and transparency.

(viii) Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and discussion

(ix) Regular, free, and fair elections are the feature of democracy

(x) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained. [5x1=5]

OR

(b)

(i) Democracy is an important form of government that allows for the participation of citizens in decision-making

(ii) Democracy provides a framework for political stability, accountability, and transparency.

(iii) Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and discussion

(iv) Regular, free, and fair elections are the feature of democracy

(v) Open public debate on major policies and legislations

(vi) Democracy gives it citizens’ the Right to Information about the government and its functioning.

(vii) Democracies are based on political equality.

(viii) All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives.

(ix) Governments function to represent the general view of minority and majority

(x) Democracy has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged

(xi) Democracy tries to accommodates social difference

(xii) Democracy tries to deal with societal problems such as poverty, inequality, corruption, and discrimination

(xiii) Any other relevant point

Any five points to be explained. [5x1=5]

(A)

i. Democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens.

ii. Democracies have successfully negotiated differences among ethnic populations.

iii. Democracy develops a mechanism to negotiate the differences.

iv. Majority to work with minority

v. Democracy develops a procedure to conduct competition

vi. A Democracy has the ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts

vii. Equal treatment of women is a necessary aspect of a democratic society.

viii. Democracy has strengthened the claims of disadvantaged.

ix. Any other point

Any five points to be explained. [5x1=5]

OR

(B)

(i) Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings.

(ii) The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy.

(iii) Democracies throughout the world have recognised dignity and freedom in principle.

(iv) Dignity and freedom of the citizens have been achieved in various degrees.

(v) Equal treatment of women is necessary ingredients of a democratic society.

(vi) Democracy has strengthened the claims of disadvantaged.

(vii) People have developed awareness and the ability to look critically

(viii) Any other relevant point

Any five points to be explained. [5x1=5]

(A)

i. Every individual wants respect from fellow beings.

ii. The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy.

iii. Respect to and equal treatments of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society.

iv. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated for equal status and equal opportunity.

v. Democracy values rights.

vi. It enhances the dignity of the individual.

vii. Democracy has the ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts.

viii. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained. [5x1=5]

OR

(B)

i. The democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable and mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision-making.

ii. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiations.

iii. Regular, free and fair election.

iv. Open public debate on major policies and legislations.

v. Citizens have right to information about government and its functioning.

vi. It promotes equality among citizens.

vii. It provides a method to resolve conflicts.

viii. It gives respect to the integrity of people.

ix. Equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society

x. Democracy is responsive to the needs of the people.

xi. Democracy gives moral force to individual freedom and dignity.

xii. Democracy promotes equal status and equal opportunity to the disadvantaged.

xiii. It is transparent as whatever policies govt. is forming, the knowledge of the same is there with the people also.

xiv. A democratic government is a legitimate government.

xv. They accommodate differences

xvi. Any other relevant point

Any five points to be explained. [5x1=5]

(a)

(i) People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. They also believe that democracy is suitable for their country.

(ii) It is responsive to the needs of the people

(iii) It is accountable and whenever they are not, people have the right to select any other governance.

(iv) It is transparent as whatever policies they are forming, the knowledge of the same is there with the people also.

(v) They accommodate differences and work for the economic development.

(vi) Democratic govt follows procedures and are accountable to the people.

(vii) Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation

(viii) Regular free and fair elections are the regular feature of democracy.

(ix) Any other relevant point

(Any five points to be explained) [5x1=5]

OR

(b)

(i) Non-democratic rulers do not have to bother about deliberation or worry about majorities and public opinion. It may take decisions that are not accepted by the people and may therefore face problems.

(ii) Unlike any alternative government ,the democratic government will take more time to follow procedures before arriving at decisionhowever it ensures that decision-making will be based on norms and procedures.

(iii) Transparency factor is often missing from a non-democratic government.

(iv) It is right to expect democracy to produce a government that follows procedures and is accountable to the people unlike dictatorship.

(v) Government develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable and mechanisms to take part in decision-making whenever they think fit.

(vi) Respect to and equal treatment of women is necessary ingredients of a democratic society.

(vii) Non-democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences. Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point of democratic regimes.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained) [5x1=5]

(a)

(i) Promotes equality among citizens

(ii) Enhances the dignity of the individual

(iii) Improves the quality of decision-making

(iv) Provides a method to resolve conflicts

(vi) Allows room to correct mistakes

(vii) Accountable, transparent and legitimate governance.

(iv) Any other relevant point [1x5=5]

Any five points to be analysed.

OR

(b)

(i) Democratic government is peoples’ own government.

(ii) Countries want to elect their representative by themselves.

(iii) Democracy provides dignity and freedom to its citizens.

(iv) Democracy accommodates social diversity.

(v) Democracy is based on the idea of discussion and negotiation.

(vi) Decision-making is based on norms and procedures and its transparency.

(vii) Any other relevant point

Any five points to be analysed. [1x5=5]

(a)

(i) Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedure.

(ii) Every citizen has the right and means to examine the process of decision making.

(iii) Democratic governments are accountable, legitimate and transparent governments.

(iv) People have the right to choose their rulers.

(v) Democracy gives its citizens the right to information about the government.

(vi) A democratic government is the people’s own government and it is run by the people.

(vii) Democracy provides dignity and freedom to its citizens.

(viii) Democracy accommodates social diversity.

(ix) Any other relevant point

(Any five points to be justified) [1x5=5]

OR

(b)

(i) Democracy promotes dignity and freedom of the individual.

(ii) Every individual wants respect from fellow beings.

(iii) Long struggles by women have got them respect and equal treatment.

(iv) In many democracies, women were deprived of their right to vote for a long time which they have achieved now.

(v) Women can now wage a struggle against what is now unacceptable legally and morally..

(vi) Democracy has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.

(vii) Constitution provides provisions for the protection of our rights.

(viii) Any other relevant point

(Any five points to be justified) [1x5=5]