Geography (Social Science 087) · Class X · Chapter-wise Board Questions

(B) Laterite Soil

(D) Physical and Human factors

(C) a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-i

(C) Arid Soil

(D) Forest

(B) Black soil

(D) Land left without cultivation for one agricultural year

(c) Black Soil

(A) Black soil

(c) Laterite soil

(D) Alluvial Soil

(A) Alluvial Soil -Gangetic Plains.

(d) Laterite

(c) I-2, II-3, III-1

(a) Alluvial soil – Consist of sand and silt

(b) Mining

(D) Laterite Soil – Western Ghats

(c) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

(C) Technological development and institutional changes.

(D) Black soil & Laterite soil.

(C) Potential resource

(A) 1-Y, 2-X, 3-Z

• Human beings use the resources indiscriminately and this has led to major problems.
• This has led to global ecological crisis such as global warming.
• Ozone layer is being depleted.
• It has increased environmental pollution.
• Land degradation is also increasing.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained.

• Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.
• It has importance in a country like India, which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources.
• There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources.
• There are some regions which can be considered self-sufficient in terms of the availability of resources and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources.
• For example, the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits.
• Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructural development.
• The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources.
• The cold desert of Ladakh is relatively isolated from the rest of the country. It has very rich cultural heritage but it is deficient in water, infrastructure and some vital minerals.
• This calls for balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and local levels.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

(a)

• Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.
• They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.
• In some areas the salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
• Due to the dry climate and high temperature evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture.
• The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards.
• Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

(b)

• Mainly found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available.
• Soils texture varies according to the mountain environment.
• Loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.
• In the snow-covered areas of Himalayas, these soils experience denudation and are acidic with low humus content.
• The soils found in the lower parts of the valleys particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.
• Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

(A)

• Planning is important for a country which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources.
• It is important for regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources.
• Planning helps in balanced distribution of resources across national, state and regional levels.
• Planning helps in sustainable development.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

(B)

• Sustainable existence is a component of sustainable development.
• If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals and countries continue the future of our planet will be in danger.
• There is a dire need to address economic and environmental protection plans.
• Uneven distribution of resources will create a wide gap in regional development resulting in disunity in a nation.
• Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.
• Appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up is required for resource development and distribution.
• Judicious use of resources with qualitative and quantitative estimates is necessary.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

• Afforestation and proper management of grazing.
• Planting of shelter belts of plants.
• Control on over grazing.
• Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods to check land degradation in arid areas.
• Proper management of waste lands.
• Control of mining activities.
• Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be described.

(a)

• Afforestation
• Planting shelter belts of plants,
• Control on over grazing,
• Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes in arid areas.
• Proper management of wasteland.
• Control of mining activities.
• Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment in industrial and suburban areas.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained.

(b)

• Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.
• Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion.
• Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind.
• Planting lines of trees to create shelter belts to stop soil erosion.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained.

(a)

1. Afforestation and proper management of posture.
2. Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on overgrazing, stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods to check land degradation in arid areas.
3. Proper management of waste lands.
4. Control of mining activities.
5. Proper discharge and disposal of industries effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.
6. Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

(b)

1. Avoid over utilization of Resources.
2. Recycle of Resources.
3. Reduce wastage of resources.
4. Judicious use of resources.
5. Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be suggested.

Any three points of differences to be explained.

1. Resource planning is importance in a country like India, which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources.
2. There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources.
3. There are some regions which can be considered self- sufficient in terms of the availability of resources and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources.
4. An equitable distribution of resources has become essential for a sustained quality of life and global peace.
5. Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life which is a component of sustainable development.
6. Any other relevant point

Any three points to be explained

• Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening.
• Deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation.
• Overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation in many parts of the country.
• Over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
• The mineral processing like grinding of limestone generates huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere which retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

• Use of crop rotation method.
• Use of manure.
• Growing leguminous crops
• Managing pests and plant diseases.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

• Planning helps in identifying the available resources and allocating them efficiently across various sectors.
• It ensures maximising their utility and minimising wastage during activities.
• Planning allows for a balanced development of different regions and sectors within the country.
• By prioritizing areas that need development the most, planning ensures that resources are distributed equitably. For instance, the planned development during the Green Revolution focused on enhancing agricultural productivity in regions that were lagging behind.
• Planning involves setting long-term goals and creating strategies to achieve them.
• Planning facilitates the development of infrastructure such as roads, railways, ports, and communication networks. This infrastructure supports economic activities and enhances connectivity, leading to overall development.
• Any other relevant point

Any three points to be explained

1. Identification and inventory of resources - surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement.
2. Evolving a planning structure - appropriate technology, skill and institutional setup.
3. Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
4. Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.
5. Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

(35.1) Resource planning is a complex process which involves identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country.

(35.2) Irrational consumption and over utilisation of resources may lead to socio economic and environmental problems.

(35.3)

1. He placed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion.
2. He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.
3. Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be mentioned.

35.1 Development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.

35.2 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992

35.3

• Global cooperation on common interests.
• Mutual needs
• Shared responsibilities
• Creation of the commission on sustainable development.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be mentioned.

(a)

• Alluvial soil have been deposited by three important Himalayan river systems– the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
• The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay.
• As we move inlands towards the river valleys, soil particles appear somewhat bigger in size.
• In the upper reaches of the river valley i.e. near the place of the break of slope, the soils are coarse, commonly found in piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai.
• According to their age alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar).
• The bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules than the Khadar. Khadar has more fine particles and is more fertile than the bangar.
• Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime, ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
• Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(b)

Resource planning is a complex process which involves:

• Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country.
• This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
• Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
• Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
• India has made concerted efforts for achieving the goals of resource planning.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be assessed.

Need in India:

• Resources are essential for development.
• Technology and quality human resources are prerequisites for development of any region.
• Uneven distribution of resources.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be assessed.

To be assessed as a whole.

(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false

(B) Bandhavgarh National Park- Madhya Pradesh.

(C) Uttarakhand

(B) Manas – Assam

(B) Tehri

(D) a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii

(B) Madhya Pradesh

(C) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)

(B) I, II, III

(B) Rajasthan

(D) Manas Tiger Reserve- Assam

(A) Only I, II and III are correct

(B) a – (ii), b – (iii), c – (iv), d – (i)

(D) Manas Tiger Reserve- Assam

(D) Madhya Pradesh

(B) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(D) i-b, ii-c, iii-d, iv-a

(C) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(a) 1972

(d) The rules and regulations followed here are declared by the govt.

(A) Reduction in the prey species leading to the tiger's dwindling food supp[ly]

(A) These places have a significant portion of forests managed as reserved or protected forests for conservation.

(a)

• In India, forests are home to some of the traditional communities.
• The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1200 hectares of forest as “Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri” declaring their own set of rules and regulations.
• Communities are protecting wildlife against any outside encroachment.
• Movements like Chipko, Beej Bachao Andolan and Navdanya played an important role in conserving the forests.
• Any other relevant points.

Any two points to be described.

(b)

• The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972.
• An all-India list of protected species was published.
• Hunting was banned.
• In 1973, Project Tiger was launched.
• Various Tiger reserves were established.
• In 1988, Odisha passed the First resolution for ‘Joint Forest Management’.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be described.

(A)

1. Excessive cutting down of forest trees should not be allowed by the Government to conserve forests.
2. More trees should be planted in the forest in place of cut down trees to conserve forests.
3. Paper products such as old newspapers, magazines, books and notebooks etc. should be recycled.
4. Laws should be implemented to save the forest.
5. Communities should be made aware about conservations of forests.
6. Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

(B)

1. To survey and collect all the information about wildlife, especially, their number of growth.
2. To protect habitat by protecting forests.
3. To delimit the areas of their natural habitat.
4. To protect wildlife from pollution and from natural hazard.
5. In order to protect animals, many national parks, sanctuaries and biosphere reserves should be set up.
6. Laws should be implemented to save the wildlife.
7. Programmes such as Joint Forest Management should be encouraged.
8. Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

• Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972 with various provisions for protecting habitat. (Ban on hunting, poaching, encroachment, legal protection to wildlife habitat, restricting trade in wildlife, established national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, initiated various projects)
• Organize wildlife club/ nature clubs to create awareness among people.
• Enabling wildlife conservation-friendly community empowerment.
• Introducing afforestation programs.
• Controlling forest fire.
• Proper utilization of forest resources.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained.

17.1

• To maintain ecological balance
• To conserve wildlife.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained

17.2 Degraded Forest.

17.3

• In India, forests are home to some of the traditional communities.
• The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1200 hectares of forests as ‘Bhairavodev Dakav Sonchuri’ declaring their own set of rules and regulations.
• Local communities and the government can join hands in the conservation of forest.
• Local communities can suggest methods of forest conservation.
• Local communities can organize protests and movements to sensitize public about the need of forest conservation viz. Chipko and Navdanya movement.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

35.1

• Sacred qualities are often ascribed to springs, mountain peaks, plants and animals which are closely protected.
• In many communities mountains, plants and animals are worshipped.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

35.2

• The Mundas and the Santhals of Chota Nagpur region worship mahua and kadamba trees.
• Tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind and mango trees during weddings.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

35.3

• It maintains ecological balance.
• Preserves ecological diversity.
• Preserves our life support system.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

(35.1)

• ‘Project Tiger’ is an effort to save a single species on a large scale.
• Project aimed to address the decline in tiger numbers caused by threats like poaching, habitat loss, depletion of prey species and human encroachment.
• Played vital role in safeguarding the tiger population while indirectly protecting entire ecosystems.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be mentioned

(35.2)

• Wildlife Protection Act for protecting Habitat
• Ban on hunting
• Restriction on trade in wildlife
• National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuary
• India and Nepal provide habitat to about two-third of the surviving tiger population in the world.
• Project Tiger was launched to protect tigers and their habitats.
• There are 39 tiger reserves in India.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be mentioned

(35.3)

• Poaching for trade: Illegal hunting of tigers for their valuable skin and bones used in traditional medicines.
• Habitat Loss: Human activities like deforestation, urban expansion and agricultural activities etc.
• Depletion of prey base species: Reduction in the number of animals that tiger prey upon, resulting in food scarcity.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be mentioned.

(35.1)

1. The concept of ‘Sacred Groves’ refers to patches of untouched, pristine forests that are preserved in nature worship.
2. There groves are considered sacred and are protected by local communities as they believe that all creations of nature must be safeguarded.
3. In these areas human interference is banned to maintain the sanctity of natural environment. The groves exemplify the deep-rooted connection between nature worship and environment conservation.
4. Any other relevant points

Any one Point

(35.2)

1. Certain societies express reverence for specific trees by incorporating them into their cultural practices.
2. The Mundas and Santhal tribes worship the mahua and kadamba trees, respectively, during ceremonies.
3. During weddings, the tribes in Odisha and Bihar hold special reverence for tamarind beliefs, reflecting a harmonious relationship between natures.
4. Any other relevant points

Any one Point

(35.3)

1. Animals like blackbucks, nilgai and peacocks hold significance for the Bishnoi communities in Rajasthan.
2. They are considered integral to the community and way of life, representing a harmonious relationship with nature.
3. The Bishnois follow the principle of and Jeev daya; (compassion for all living beings) and have a strong cultural commitment to protect animals and the environment.
4. This coexistence is driven by their religious beliefs and values that prioritize the well – being of all creatures.
5. Any other relevant points

Any two points to be mentioned.

(35.1)

• It serves as the home to the traditional communities.
• It serves as a source of livelihood.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point.

(35.2)

• To prohibit hunting of wild animals; birds.
• Impose punishment for violating these rules/ laws.
• To protects wildlife against any outside encroachment.
• To provide security to animals that is not in danger of becoming extinct.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point.

(35.3)

• In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and explicitly rejecting government involvement.
• The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’.
• Here they declaring their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points.

18.1 To ensure the protection and sustainable use of forest resources by involving local communities.

18.2

• Local communities possess traditional knowledge of forests, which helps in their sustainable management.
• People develop a sense of responsibility and ownership, preventing over-exploitation of resources.

Examples:

• Farmers and citizen’s groups like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use of synthetic chemicals are possible and economically viable.
• Joint Forest Management (JFM), where local communities and the government jointly manage forest resources.

(Or any other relevant example(s)) – (any 2)

18.3 Chipko Movement

(D) Meghalaya

(B) II, IV, I, III

(C) a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii

(B) Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh

(C) a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii

(B) Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan

(C) Bhopal Lake

(C) a-iii, b- iv, c- ii, d-i

(A) Gandhi Sagar-Chambal

(D) To use bamboo drip irrigation system

(D) i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b

(C) Meghalaya

(B) Rajasthan

(D) Karnataka

(C) I – 2, II – 1, III – 4, IV – 3

(D) Tamil Nadu

(B) To provide better irrigation systems and sustainable water conservation practices for farmers.

1. Rooftop rainwater harvesting: Rainwater collected from rooftops is stored in tanks for domestic use, helping reduce dependence on surface and groundwater sources during dry periods.
2. Johads or khadins: These structures store rainwater and allow it to seep into the ground, which helps recharge groundwater and supports irrigation in water-scarce areas.

• It has created a huge pressure on our water resources.
• Fragile water resources are being over-exploited.
• Depletion of ground water resources.
• Untreated release of affluents by industries have increased the toxicity in water.
• Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be described and students views to be considered.)

17.1

• Water is the most important component for industries like jute, cotton textile, pulp etc.
• Industries use electricity which are mostly provided by the hydroelectricity as clean fuels.
• Any other relevant point.

Any One point to be explained.

17.2

• As and when urban areas expands, population increase so demand of water also increases.
• Any other relevant point

Any One point to be explained.

17.3

• Water should be used in judicious manner.
• Recycling of water.
• Reuse of water.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two suggestion to be explained.

17.1 A dam is a barrier to flowing water that obstruct, direct or refeeds the flow often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.

17.2 Dams manage flow of water and through canals provide water for irrigation.

17.3

1. Dams control flood water.
2. Through canals, dams provide water for agriculture.
3. They are a source of electricity generation.
4. Dams provide water for domestic and industrial use.
5. Dams provide inland navigation.
6. Dams promote fish breeding.
7. Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained

18.1

• Sardar Sarovar Project provides irrigation facilities to 18.45 lakh hectare of land, covering 3112 villages in 15 districts of Gujarat.
• Any other relevant point.

(Any one point to be explained.)

18.2

• The Sardar Sarovar Project is designed to cover the requirement of water in drought prone and desert areas of all these four states.
• It is also aimed to provide irrigation facilities in some areas in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.
• Any other relevant point.

(Any one point to be explained.)

18.3

• Sardar Sarovar Projects provides drinking water facilities to the draught prone areas of these states.
• It irrigates large areas of agricultural lands ensuring food security to large populations.
• It also generates hydro-electric energy which is renewable and clean energy source.
• It also ensures recharge of ground water supporting sustainable water management.
• Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

18.1

• Floods cause soil erosion.
• Floods also cause sedimentation, which means that flood plains are deprived of silt, a natural fertilizer, further adding to the problem of land degradation.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

18.2

• Farmers are shifting to water intensive crops.
• They are also shifting to commercial cropping.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

18.3

• Increase physical access of water on the farm.
• Expand cultivable area under assured irrigation. (har khet ko pani)
• Improve on farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage.
• Introduce sustainable water conservation practices.
• Reduce wastage of water and increase efficiency of irrigation by adopting drip and sprinkler irrigation.
• Irrigation and other water saving technologies (per drop more crop).
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

35.1

• To meet the requirement of water in draught prone and desert areas.
• Sardar Sarovar project has provided irrigation facilities.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

35.2

• Sardar Sarovar Project is a source of clean energy.
• It caters for the needs of future generations.
• Any other relevant point

Any one point to be explained.

35.3

• Sardar Sarovar project covers four states — Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan.
• Project provide irrigation facilities to 18.45 lakh hectare of land, covering 3112 villages in 15 districts of Gujarat.
• It facilitates irrigation to 2,46,000 hectares of land in the strategic desert districts of Barmer and Jalore in Rajasthan and 37,500-hectare land in the tribal hilly tract of Maharashtra through lift.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be examined.

(35.1)

Narmada Bachao Andolan

(35.2)

• Because big dams release of water from dams during heavy rains aggravated the flood situation.
• Any other relevant points.

(35.3)

• Generation of electricity
• Canal for irrigation
• Soil conservation in nearby areas
• Any other relevant points

Any two points to be explained

(I)

• It is an inexpensive method of conservation of water.
• Common people can also afford it.
• Water harvesting techniques are environmentally friendly.
• Any other relevant points.

Any one point to be explained.

(II)

• Rooftop rainwater is collected using a PVC pipe.
• Filtered using sand and bricks.
• Underground pipe takes water to sump for immediate usage.
• Excess water from the sump is taken to the well
• Water from the well recharge the underground
• Take water from the well
• Any other way of description may be considered.

Any one point to be explained.

(III)

• Hydraulic structures
• In hilly regions people-built diversion channels like the guls or kuls for agriculture.
• Roof-top rainwater harvesting was practised in Rajasthan.
• In the flood plains of Bengal people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
• Khadins, Johads and Tanks are the forms of rainwater harvesting practised in Rajasthan.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained.

(35.1)

• Inundation channels of Bengal.
• Khadins of Rajasthan
• Johads of Rajasthan
• Any other relevant point

Any two.

(35.2)

• They have arranged underground tanks or tankas for storing water.
• They have a well developed roof top rainwater harvesting system (palarpani) and were built inside the main house or courtyard.
• It is a reliable source of drinking water
• It beats the summer heat as it would keep the room cool
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

(35.3)

• Rainwater harvesting is used to meet peoples and regions water needs.
• Rain water can be used by building diversion channels used for agriculture .
• They can be stored as drinking water particularly in Rajasthan
• Rainwater harvesting is used to maintain water in tanks.
• Rainwater harvesting is used to maintain room temperature through tanks and ducting.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained.

(35.1) “Dam” refers to the reservoir rather than the structure or a dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.

(35.2)

• Dams are used for electricity generation.
• Dams are used for irrigation purpose.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be mentioned.

(35.3)

• Large scale displacement of local communities.
• Local people had to give up their land and livelihood.
• Local people lost control over their meagre resources for the greater good of the nation.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be mentioned.

(A) Rubber

(B) a – ii, b – iv, c – i, d – iii

(D) Blood-less Revolution.

(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

(C) I -(c), II-(d), III-(a), IV-(b)

(D) Rubber

(D) Paddy, Maize, Groundnut, Soybean

(A) Sugarcane

(C) Paddy, Jowar, Maize

(C) Wheat

(B) Black Soil, Light rainfall, High Temperature and Bright Sunshine

(B) Slash and burn farming

(b) Coffee

(B) Rubber

(C) Jute

(A) Jute

(c) I, II and IV

(C) I-c, II-a, III-b, IV-d

(D) Rice

(A) Only I and II are correct

(A) Wheat

(c) Commercial farming - use of higher doses of modern inputs

(C) Rice

(c) Pulses

• Use of organic manure and compost improves soil fertility
• Provides essential nutrients to crops naturally.
• Growing different crops in sequence help to reduce pests.
• Biological pest control by using natural predators and bio-pesticides protects crops without harmful chemicals.
• Practice crop rotation to increase productivity of soil.
• Integrating Drip irrigation.
• Mulching.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

• Modern farming practices will facilitate optimum use of water and other resources.
• There will be increase in agricultural productivity.
• Economic status will get better.
• More employment opportunities will be generated.
• Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

• ‘Land reform’ was the main focus of our First Five Year Plan. Thus, collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in India after Independence.
• Multipurpose projects were started and dams and canals were constructed for irrigation, electricity and flood control.
• The Green Revolution based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) were some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture.
• In the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated which included both institutional and technical reforms.
• Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease were made.
• Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks were established to provide loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.
• Kisan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
• The government also announces minimum support price (MSP), remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained

(a)

Primitive subsistence

1. Primitive subsistence agriculture is practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks and family/community labour.
2. This type of farming depends upon monsoons, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.
3. It is ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce crops. When soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
4. Crops are produced to sustain the family.
5. It is labour intensive farming, since most of the activities are done by human labour.
6. Land fertility is low as fertilizers are not used.
7. This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of soil through natural process.

Commercial Farming

1. In this type of farming higher dose of modern inputs is used.
2. High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides etc. are used to obtain higher productivity.
3. The degree of commercialization of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab and it is a subsistence crop in Odisha.
4. Commercial farming is done with the view to sell the crops and gain profit.
5. It is capital intensive since it depends on machines to get the work done.
6. Land productivity is high.
7. Does not allow nature to replenish the soil fertility through natural process.
8. Any other relevant points.

Any two points to be differentiated.

(b)

Rabi Crops

1. Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June.
2. Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.
3. Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are important for the production of rabi crops.
4. Require warm climate for germination and cold climate to grow. Availability of precipitation during winter months due to the western temperate cyclones help in the success of these crops.

Kharif Crops

1. Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country and these are harvested in September-October.
2. Important crops grown during this season are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, groundnut and soyabean.
3. Some of the important rice growing regions are Assam, west Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly the Konkan coast with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
4. Kharif crops require hot weather and good rainfall.
5. Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be differentiated.

• Use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.
• A single crop is grown on a large area.
• The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
• Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers.
• All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries. In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc., are important plantation crops.
• Tea in Assam and North Bengal and coffee in Karnataka are some of the important plantation crops grown in these States.
• The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be mentioned.

(a)

Considering the importance of agriculture in India, the Government of India made concerted efforts to modernise agriculture.

• Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services
• Animal breeding centres.
• Horticulture development.
• Research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast, etc.
• Improving the rural infrastructure to strengthen and support agricultural sector.
• Several initiatives have been taken by Government of India under ‘The Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.’
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

(b)

• Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December.
• These are harvested in summer from April to June.
• Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.
• These crops are grown in large parts of India,
• States from the north and north-western parts such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are important for the production of wheat and other rabi crops.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

(a)

1. Green Revolution based on package approach
2. White Revolution
3. Weather Bulletin
4. Agricultural programs for the farmers on radio and televisions
5. HYV Seeds
6. Use of fertilizers, manure, insecticides, pesticides, etc.
7. Any other relevant points.

Any two points to be explained.

(b)

1. Agriculture gives employment - Two-third of India’s population engaged in agricultural activities.
2. Produces food for consumption.
3. Produces raw material for various industries.
4. Provides agricultural products for exports (E.g., Tea, coffee, spices)
5. Contributes to the National Income
6. Contributes in GDP
7. Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

Climate and Irrigation:

• Haryana and Punjab have a well-developed irrigation system (e.g., canal irrigation from the Sutlej-Yamuna Link Canal), which allows for large-scale commercial cultivation of rice. The climate is suitable for high-yielding varieties, and irrigation ensures water availability.
• In contrast, Odisha has a more monsoonal climate, and while rice is grown, the farming is often rainfed and primarily for local consumption. The lack of large-scale irrigation systems limits its commercialization.

Economic Factors (Market Access):

• In Punjab and Haryana, rice is grown for commercial purposes to meet national and international demand. The proximity to markets, government procurement systems, and well-developed transport networks enable these states to export surplus rice.
• In Odisha, rice is mostly grown for personal or local use, with less access to large markets for profit-driven farming, making it a subsistence crop.

Farming Practices:

• In Punjab and Haryana, the use of modern farming techniques, machinery, and high-yielding varieties supports commercial rice cultivation.
• In Odisha, rice farming is more traditional and focused on family sustenance rather than large-scale production, which reflects the subsistence nature of cultivation.

Or any other relevant point(s) (Any 2 point to be considered out of which at least one should be related to climate and one economic)

• In plantation type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
• The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
• Plantation covers a large tract of land.
• It requires huge capital.
• It is labour intensive.
• The production is mainly for market.
• Example Tea, coffee and rubber.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

Type of farming- Primitive subsistence farming

Features of primitive subsistence farming:

• This farming is practiced on small patches of land.
• It is done with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks.
• It is done with the help of family or community labour.
• This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be described.

• Land reforms in the 1980s and 1990s included institutional and technical reforms.
• Provisions for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease were introduced.
• Establishment of Grameen banks and cooperative societies for providing loans at lower rates of interest.
• Initiative taken by the government to provide Kisan Credit Card (KCC).
• Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) introduced by the government.
• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on radio and TV.
• Announcement of MSP, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops by the government.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be examined.

• In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
• The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
• Plantations cover large tracts of land.
• It uses capital intensive inputs.
• All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
• In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc., are important plantation crops.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

• Crops are grown for the purpose of selling in market.
• Higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides are used to obtain higher productivity.
• The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another.
• Plantation is also a type of commercial farming.
• In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.
• The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
• Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers.
• All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

1. Jowar, Bajra, Ragi are few important millets grown in India.
2. It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas, which hardly need irrigation.
3. Major jowar producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
4. Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. Major bajra producing states are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat,
5. Ragi is a crop of dry seasons and grows well on red, black, sandy loamy soils.
6. Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be described.

• Farmers are investing in new technology in farming genetically modified seeds and organic farming.
• They are diversifying from traditional crops to a wide range of high value crops- horticulture, millets, herbs and mushrooms.
• Small and marginal farmers are adopting inexpensive organic farming
• Farmers are exploring new markets outside India.
• Agricultural progress for farmers.
• Insurance schemes for farmers.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be described and students views to be considered.

• To increase crop yield.
• To protect fertility of soil.
• To diversify their crop.
• To increase their income.
• Any other relevant point

Any three points to be explained.

(Any other view of the candidates may also be considered related to crop rotation.)

• Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire, and disease.
• Establishment of Grameen Banks, Cooperative Societies, and Banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.
• Kissan Credit Card (KCC)
• Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS).
• Special Weather Bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers.
• The government has also announced Minimum Support Price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops.
• Check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.
• Any other relevant point

Any three points to be explained.

17.1 Kharif

17.2

• Wheat
• Barley
• Peas
• Gram
• Mustard
• Any other crop

Any one crop to be mentioned.

17.3

• Watermelon
• Muskmelon
• Cucumber
• Vegetables
• Fodder crop
• Sugarcane
• Any other crop

Any two crops to be mentioned.

35.1

Primitive Subsistence Farming

35.2

• Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low as the farmer does not use fertilisers or other modern inputs.
• This system uses traditional farming methods.
• Any other relevant points.

Any one point to be mentioned.

35.3

• It is practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools.
• This type of farming depends upon monsoon and natural fertility of the soil.
• This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes.
• It has different names in different parts of the world.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be described.

(a)

• Implementation of Crop Insurance Scheme against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease in an effective manner.
• Encourage farmers to borrow loan from the Grameen Banks, Co-operative societies and Banks.
• Promote the use of the Kisan Credit Cards among peasants.
• Promote Personal Accident Insurance Scheme.
• Co-ordination over Minimum Support Price to avoid the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.
• Awareness among farmers about special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers.
• Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

(b)

• Rice is a kharif crop.
• It requires high temperatures (above 25°C) for cultivation.
• It requires high humidity for cultivation.
• It requires more than 100 cm of rainfall for cultivation.
• In areas with less rainfall, it can be cultivated through proper irrigation.
• Major rice-producing states are West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu (any two).
• Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.) (3+2=5)

(a)

1. Gives employment- Two-third of India’s population engaged in agricultural activities.
2. Provide livelihood to more than half of the population.
3. Produces food for consumption.
4. Produces raw material for various industries.
5. Provides agricultural products for exports (E.g., Tea, coffee, spices)
6. Contributes to the National income.
7. Contribute in the GDP.
8. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(b)

1. Green Revolution based on package technology.
2. White Revolution
3. Weather Bulletin
4. Agricultural programs for the farmers on radio and televisions
5. HYV Seeds
6. Use of fertilizers, manure, insecticides, pesticides, etc.
7. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire, and disease.
8. Establishment of Grameen Banks, Cooperative Societies, and Banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.
9. Kissan Credit Card (KCC)
10. Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS).
11. Special Weather Bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers.
12. The government has also announced Minimum Support Price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops.
13. Check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.
14. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(a)

Primitive Subsistence Farming:

• This type of farming is still practised in few pockets of India.
• Primitive subsistence farming practised on small patches of land.
• Use primitive tools like Hoe, Dao and digging sticks.
• This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of soil and suitability of essential condition to crops grown.
• It is a slash and burn agriculture.
• Any other relevant Points.

Any two relevant Points. (2x1=2)

Commercial farming:

• The main characteristics of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs e.g., HYV seeds, Chemical fertilizers insecticides and pesticides.
• It obtains higher productivity.
• The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another.
• Plantation is also a type of Commercial farming.
• Example : Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crops.
• Any other relevant point

Any three points to be explained from each part. (3x1=3)

(b)

Intensive Subsistence Farming:

• This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
• It is labour-intensive farming
• High doses of biochemical inputs
• Irrigation is used for obtaining higher production.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained. (2x1=2)

Plantation Farming:

• It is a type of commercial farming.
• In this type of farming a single crop is grown.
• The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
• Plantations cover large tracts of land intensive imports with help of migrant labours.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained. (3x1=3)

(A)

• Tea is more suitable in areas with high rainfall distributed throughout the year, unlike coffee which prefers seasonal rainfall.
• Tea requires a frost-free climate, making it ideal for tropical and sub-tropical regions.
• Coffee (Arabica) is suitable for regions with moderate temperatures and well-drained slopes, such as the Western Ghats.
• Tea plantations demand large-scale labour availability, while coffee requires comparatively less labour.
• Coffee cultivation is geographically more restricted, whereas tea can be grown in several regions of India.

(B)

• Wheat is more suitable as it grows well in cool temperatures during the growing season.
• The region’s moderate rainfall matches wheat’s requirement of 50–75 cm.
• Wheat requires bright sunshine at the time of ripening, which is common in winter months.
• Availability of irrigation supports wheat cultivation in areas with limited rainfall.
• Wheat is traditionally grown in north and north-western regions, matching the given conditions.

(D) Only I and III are correct

(C) III, II, I and IV

(C) Only I, II and IV are correct.

(D) III, I, IV, II

(C) Non-Ferrous Minerals

(A) Nagercoil to Madurai

(A) Non-Metallic

(C) Energy minerals

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

(A) a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii

(C) (A) is true but (R) is false

(A) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii

(d) (iii), (iv), (ii) and (i)

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

(C) a-iv, b- i, c- ii, d-iii

(C) Lignite Coal

(B) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii

(c) Non – Metallic Minerals - Limestone

(A) Natural Gas

(B) I-d, II-c, III-b, IV-a

(B) Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Karnataka

(D) Odisha

(D) Geothermal energy

(d) Nickel

(D) (a), (c), (d)

(C) Durg–Bastar–Chandrapur belt

(a)

Any two points of differentiation to be explained.

(b)

Any two points of differentiation to be explained.

• Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.
• Every sector of the national economy - agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic - needs inputs of energy.
• The implementation of economic developmental plans require increasing amounts of energy.
• The consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising and hence there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.
• The conventional sources of energy require millions of years to be created and concentrated. For example coal.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

1. Every sector of the national economy- agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic needs inputs of energy.
2. The economic development plans implemented since independence necessarily required increasing amount of energy to remain operational.
3. Energy is used for manufacturing of products.
4. Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

(a)

• Minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints.
• The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes.
• In most cases they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. Eg, tin, copper, zinc and lead.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

(b)

• Most of the minerals are too widely diffused to be of economic significance.
• Common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely derived from ocean water.
• The ocean beds, too, are rich in manganese nodules
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

• In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata.
• Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods under great heat and pressure.
• Another group of sedimentary minerals include gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt.
• These are formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid regions.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained

(a)

• There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of development.
• Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy resources are twin planks of energy conservation.
• Judicious use of limited energy resources.
• Reduce, reuse and recycling of resources.
• Stoppage of wastage of resources
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

(b)

• Limited availability of resources
• The growing consumption of energy has resulted in depletion of fossil fuels.
• Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties.
• Increasing use of fossil fuel has caused serious environmental problems.
• Urbanization and industrialization
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

• Energy is a basic requirement for economic development
• Every sector of the national economic- Agriculture, industry, transport, communication needs inputs of energy.
• Required in vehicles.
• To drive machinery in industries.
• Required in all the facets of life.
• Required in household.
• Used in all commercial requirements.
• Any other relevant point

Any three points to be explained.

35.1 Magnetite

35.2 Hematite

35.3

• It is abundantly available.
• India is rich in good quality iron ore.
• It is important for various industries.
• Any other relevant points.

(35.1)

• Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.
• Every sector of the national economy- agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic- needs inputs of energy.
• Sustenance of future depends upon conservation of energy in all realms.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

(35.2)

• India is the world’s third-largest energy consuming country.
• Rising incomes and improving standards of living.
• Economic development, rising population and technological developments.
• Any other relevant point

Any one point to be explained.

(35.3)

• Using renewable energy
• Improve energy security
• Improve access to energy
• By ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy
• Reduce, resuse and recycle
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained.

(A)

• When we save electricity, it reduces the need to generate more power in power plants. Therefore, saving energy works like producing new energy.
• Energy resources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas are exhaustible. By saving energy, we conserve these valuable natural resources for the future.
• Energy conservation reduces the cost of electricity generation and helps the country save money.
• Saving energy also reduces pressure on power stations and prevents electricity shortages.
• Simple habits like switching off lights, fans, and electrical appliances when not in use can save a large amount of energy.
• Energy conservation is very important because every unit of energy saved is equal to a unit of energy produced.
• Some other measures to save energies are: a) Use power saving device. b) Using public transport. c) Use car-pooling.
• We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources.
• Shift to non-conventional sources of energy will lead to sustainable development.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be justified.

(B)

• Electricity is widely used to run machines and equipment in industries such as iron and steel, textiles, chemicals and engineering for industrial development.
• It is used for operating irrigation pumps, tube wells and agricultural machinery, which helps increase agricultural production.
• Electricity is used in households for lighting, heating, cooling, cooking and running electrical appliances.
• Many modern transport systems such as electric trains and metro railways depend on electricity.
• Electricity is essential for telecommunication networks, television, radio, computers and internet services.
• Commercial activities like offices, markets, banks, hotels and shopping centres require electricity for daily operations.
• Schools, colleges, hospitals and laboratories depend on electricity for lighting, equipment and technology.
• Greater availability and use of electricity improve people’s comfort, productivity and quality of life.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be justified.

(a)

Petroleum as an important source of energy-

• Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting.
• It provides lubricants for machinery.
• It provides raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries like synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.
• Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be examined.)

Distribution of Petroleum-

• Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are major petroleum production areas in India.
• Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat.
• Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India.
• Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are the important oil fields in Assam.
• Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be described.)

(b)

Coal as an important energy resource

• Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India. It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs.
• It is used for power generation.
• It is used to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.
• India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements.
• Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be examined.)

Distribution of Coal in India-

• The principal lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for generation of electricity.
• The major resources of Gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar valley (West Bengal- Jharkhand). Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important coalfields.
• The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits.
• Tertiary coals occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
• Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be described.)

(a)

• Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the national economy – agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic- needs inputs of energy.
• There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.
• Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.
• Using non-conventional sources- solar, wind, bio-gas, geo-thermal etc.
• Non-conventional sources are renewable, eco-friendly, cheaper, and do not leave any residue.
• India is adopting a cautious approach for the judicious use of its energy resources.
• For example, as concerned citizens we can do our bit by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.
• Switching off electricity when not in use, using power-saving devices and using non-conventional sources of energy.
• It is felt that by conserving energy we will protect the delicate ecological balance.
• India is also improving energy efficiency.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(b)

• In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals form by cooling and solidification of lava in cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. For example, major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc.
• In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods under great heat and pressure.
• Another group of sedimentary minerals include gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt. These are formed as a result of evaporation in arid regions.
• Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is formed in this way.
• Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and generally contain minerals which are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important among such minerals.
• The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, but most of these are too widely diffused to be of economic significance. However, common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely derived from ocean waters.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(A)

• Energy is the basic requirement for economic development.
• Every sector like agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic- needs inputs of energy.
• Consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country.
• Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.
• Need of the hour is to develop a sustainable path of energy development through use of energy efficient programmes.
• Public awareness campaigns to promote the idea of energy conservation.
• Cautious approach to the judicious use of limited energy resources.
• Use of non-conventional sources of energy like solar, wind and geo-thermal.
• Adopting small steps to save energy like use of public transport, switching of electricity when not in use, using power saving devices etc.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five arguments to be explained.

(B)

• Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable.
• Example, coal and iron ore which will take millions of years to be created and concentrated.
• High dependence of industry and agriculture on mineral deposits.
• Replenishment of used resources is a time-consuming process.
• Judicious use of mineral resources is the need of the hour.
• Improving technology to allow the use of low-grade ores at low cost.
• Reusing of metals.
• Enforcement of stricter regulations of environmental laws.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five arguments to be explained.

(a)

• The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas.
• Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future, which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.
• Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems. There is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material.
• India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water, wind and biomass.
• It has various programmes for the development of these renewable energy resources.
• There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.
• Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(b)

• Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.
• Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship, all are made from minerals.
• The railway lines and the tarmac (paving) of the roads, our implements and machinery too are made from minerals.
• Cars, buses, trains, aero planes are manufactured from minerals and run on power resources derived from the earth.
• The food that we eat contains minerals.
• In all stages of development, human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial rites.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(A)

1. Energy is required for all activities for example cooking, light, propelling vehicles, run machinery in industries, etc.
2. Energy can be classified as conventional and non- conventional sources of energy.
3. Energy is required for large scale manufacturing that is essential for economic development.
4. Energy is also required for the development of small scale industries.
5. Energy is required to modernise agriculture and increase agricultural production.
6. Examples of conventional sources of energy are firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas, electricity (thermal) etc.
7. Examples of non-conventional sources of energy are solar, wind, tidal, geo-thermal, biogas, etc.
8. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained

(B)

1. Conventional sources of energy are exhaustible, non-conventional sources are renewable.
2. Conventional sources of energy take a long time to form. Non-conventional forms of energy are readily available
3. Conventional forms of energy are usually derived from fossil fuels. Non-conventional sources of energy are derived from sources like sun, wind and Earth.
4. Conventional sources of energy are relatively cheaper. Non-Conventional energy sources are initially expensive but become cheaper in due course of time.
5. Non-conventional sources of energy are sustainable while Conventional sources of energy are not sustainable.
6. Conventional sources of energy often cause air and water pollution. Non-conventional sources of energy cause less damage to the environment.
7. Examples of Conventional sources of energy are firewood, petroleum, coal, natural gas etc. Examples of non- conventional energy sources are solar, tidal, wind, hydel power.
8. Any other relevant point.

Any five points of difference to be explained

(a)

1. Judicious use of limited energy resources.
2. For example, as concerned citizens we can do our bit by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.
3. Switching off electricity when not in use.
4. Using power saving devices.
5. Using non-conventional sources of energy.
6. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained with examples.

(b)

1. Energy is a basic requirement for economic development as it is needed for all types of activities.
2. In agriculture, energy is required for water pumps, tractor and other harvesting machines. Green revolution further increased need of energy for using modern farming methods.
3. No industry can run without energy. With growth of industrial sector the need of energy is rapidly rising all over the country.
4. Transport sector has high consumption of energy.
5. Commercial and domestic sectors of the economy need inputs of energy.
6. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained with examples.

(A)

1. Odisha was the largest bauxite producing state in India in 2016-17. Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the state.
2. Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron,
3. It is a good alternative to other metals due to its extreme lightness and
4. also has good conductivity and
5. great malleability

(any other relevant point - 5 points)

(B)

Significance:

• It is used for power generation,
• To supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.
• India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements. e.g., in metallurgy
• any other relevant point (at least 2)

Variety of coal types-

Coal, is found in a variety of forms depending on the degrees of compression and the depth and time of burial.

1. Peat - Decaying plants in swamps produce peat. Which has a low carbon and high moisture contents and low heating capacity.
2. Lignite - is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The principal lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for generation of electricity.
3. Bituminous coal-Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces.
4. Anthracite -is the highest quality hard coal.

(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

(B) Limited use of high-quality yarn due to decentralised weaving structure

(C) A is true, but R is false

• The agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
• Industries depend on the agriculture for raw materials and Agricultural sector gets products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines, and tools, etc.
• Development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very efficient.
• In globalisation, our industry and agricultural sectors need to work in coherence.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained.

5.1 Raw Fibre.

5.2 Spinning / Weaving / Dyeing / Stitching and Finishing.

(Any other example)

• It comprises both large- and small-scale manufacturing units.
• Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.
• Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, soda ash and caustic soda.
• Manufacturing of fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, etc. depends upon inorganic industry.
• Glass, soaps and detergents, paper industries are related with soda ash.
• Organic chemicals include petrochemicals used for plastics, dye stuffs and pharmaceuticals.
• Processed chemicals have wide usage.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be mentioned

• Agro-based : Cotton, Woollen, Jute, Silk textile, Rubber and sugar, Tea, Coffee, Edible oil
• Mineral-based : Iron and steel, Cement, Aluminium, Machine tools, Petrochemicals
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be mentioned

• Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes.
• Competition from countries like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.
• There is a need to stimulate demand.
• The product needs to be diversified.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained

• Agro-based — Examples — Cotton, woollen, jute, sugar, rubber, tea, etc.
• Mineral-based — Examples — Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals etc.
• Any other relevant point

• The iron and steel Industry is the basic industry because all other industries are based on it.
• It is used to manufacture a variety of engineering goods and construction material.
• It is used in defence, medical, telephonic and scientific equipment.
• It is used in variety of consumer goods.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained

(a)

• Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial waste and affluents discharged into rivers.
• The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries.
• These industries let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts, heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.
• Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

(b)

• Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as Sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
• Air borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke.
• Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
• Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.
• Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

1. Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.
2. They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
3. Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.
4. Public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
5. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
6. India has increased and diversified its manufacturing industries quickly to be able to transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value.
7. The agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.

Any three points to be explained.

1. Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
2. Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.
3. It aims at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
4. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
5. Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous.
6. Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

1. The electronics industry covers a wide range of product from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radar, computers and many other equipment’s required by telecommunication industry.
2. Bengaluru has emerges as the electronic capital of India.
3. Other important centers for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
4. The speedy communication has given boost to India’s contact with the outside world.
5. A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation.
6. The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry.
7. Development of satellite technology.
8. Due to information technology and electronic industry trade and commerce are expanding.
9. Expansion of diversified Manufacturing Industries.
10. It helps in providing economic strength of nation.
11. Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

• The electronics industry covers a wide range of products.
• These include transistor sets, television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipments.
• The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of electronic industry.
• It has enabled more productivity, quality of service and efficiency in the Electronic Industry.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

12.1

Sustainable development means 'development' should take place without damaging the environment and developing in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generation.

12.2

It is a mark of quality and credibility for any company.

12.3

• Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
• Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
• Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
• Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
• Ecological monitoring, reviews.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained

12.1

• Stiff competition in the international market
• Competitors are Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand
• Stiff competition from the synthetic substitutes
• Any other relevant point

Any two points

12.2

• To Increase productivity
• To improve quality
• To ensure good prices to the farmers
• To enhance the yield per hectare
• Any other relevant point

Any one point

12.3

• Biodegradable materials have once again opened the opportunity for jute products
• The global concern for environment friendly products is increasing day by day
• Synthetic substitutes are being avoided.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points

12.1

National Thermal Power Corporation

12.2

The International Accreditation Forum (IAF)

12.3

• Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
• Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
• Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained

18.1 Due to intensive material production and consumption.

18.2 Manufacturing industries are a major cause for-

1. air pollution – Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.
2. Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents discharged into rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.
3. Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
4. Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage renders the soil useless.
5. Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated.
6. Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise.

(Or any other relevant point) – Any two points

18.3 Poor people, cannot afford to protect themselves from the negative impacts of pollution, end up suffering the most. This also leads to social disparity/inequality due to the ill effects of poverty. (Can be explained with the help of an example)

(a)

• Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development.
• It helps in modernising agriculture.
• Industrial development is a pre-condition for eradication of unemployment.
• It helps in bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
• Exports of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce.
• It brings in much needed foreign exchange.
• Countries that transform their raw materials into wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous.
• Countries prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries.
• Any other relevant point.

Any Five points to be described.

(b)

• Agriculture and industries are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand.
• The agro-industry in India have given a major boost to agriculture by rising its productivity.
• They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their product such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipe, machines and tools etc. to the farmers.
• Development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries has assisted agriculturists in increasing their production.
• It also made the production processes very efficient.
• In recent year our manufactured goods have become at par in quality with those in the international market.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be described.

(a)

1. The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to Television, telephones, cellular telecom etc.
2. A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation.
3. The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of industry in India.
4. It fulfils many requirements of the telecommunication industry
5. Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad etc have emerged as the important production centers of electronic goods.
6. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained

(b)

1. The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying.
2. It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
3. Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.
4. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash and caustic soda.
5. The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
6. Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets
7. These industries are widely spread all over the country.
8. Any other relevant point

Any five points to be explained

(a)

• Proximity of jute producing area.
• Inexpensive and well-connected water transport.
• Abundant water for processing raw jute.
• Good network of railways and roadways.
• Cheap labour.
• Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(b)

• Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in water.
• Primary treatment by mechanical means.
• Secondary treatment by biological process.
• Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes.
• Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
• Smoke can be reduced by using oil and gas instead of coal in factories.
• Machinery and equipment can be used, and generators should be fitted with silencers.
• Machinery should be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduced noise.
• Noise absorbing materials should be used.
• Minimise waste generation.
• Provide green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
• Ecological monitoring and reviews should be ensured.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(a)

• Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture.
• It reduces the heavy dependence of people on income from agriculture.
• Industrial development is a pre-condition for eradication of unemployment.
• It aims at bringing down regional disparities.
• It reduces poverty.
• It helps in the expansion of trade and commerce.
• It brings in foreign exchange and thus manufacturing industries contribute to the development of all the economic sectors.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(b)

• The agro-industries in India has given a major boost to agriculture.
• They depend on the agriculture for raw material.
• The industries provide irrigation pumps, fertilisers, pesticides etc to the farmers.
• They assist agriculturists in increasing their productions.
• The agro-industries increase the efficiency of the production process.
• Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other.
• Agriculture provides raw material to various industries.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(a)

• The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.
• Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.
• They provide jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
• Industrial development is a pre-condition for eradication of unemployment and poverty.
• Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings much needed foreign exchange.
• Countries that transform their raw material into a wide variety of finished goods of higher values are prosperous.
• It is also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be justified.

(b)

• Agriculture and industries are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand.
• For instance, Agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
• Industries depend on agriculture for raw material and provide their products for example, irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools etc to the agricultural sector.
• The development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their productions but also made production process very efficient.
• In the present day of globalization, our industries need to be more efficient and competitive. This will increase the productivity of agriculture sector as well.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be justified.

(a)

Role of industries in increasing air pollution-

• Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
• Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke.
• Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
• Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

Suggestions to control air pollution-

• Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by increasing the height of chimneys.
• Fitting smoke stacks to factories with- a. electrostatic precipitators, b. fabric filters, c. scrubbers and d. inertial separators.
• Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
• Shift to renewable energy sources.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

(b)

• The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants.
• This has been possible through optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
• Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
• Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
• Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
• Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for all its power stations.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(A)

• Cotton is harvested from cotton plants and processed to remove seeds and impurities. The raw fibre obtained is the initial stage of value addition.
• The raw cotton fibre is spun into yarns through various spinning techniques. It enhances the usability of cotton by making it suitable for weaving or knitting.
• The spun yarn is woven or knitted to create fabric. This step transforms the material into a more functional form, adding value by making it suitable for further processing.
• The fabric undergoes dyeing, printing, and finishing processes to improve its aesthetic appeal, durability, and texture. This increases the fabric's market value and makes it ready for garment production.
• The finished fabric is cut and stitched into garments such as shirts, dresses, or jeans making it ready for consumers.
• Cotton industry, by creating demands supports many other industries, such as chemicals and dyes.
• Any other relevant point.

To be assessed as whole.

(B)

• Raw materials like iron ore, coal, and limestone are transported to the steel plant. (Example: Iron ore from mines in India (like Odisha or Jharkhand) is transported to steel plants).
• The raw materials are fed into a blast furnace, where they are melted at high temperatures. (Example: In steel plants, coke is used as fuel to melt iron ore).
• The molten iron extracted from the blast furnace is called pig iron, which is high in carbon content and not yet steel. (Example: Pig iron is used for refining steel).
• The pig iron is processed in steel-making furnaces to reduce impurities and adjust its composition. (Example: Companies produce different grades of steel for various industrial uses).
• The purified steel is then shaped into desired forms like sheets, rods, or beams through rolling, forging, or casting. (Example: Steel is used to manufacture construction materials, automobile parts, etc.).
• Any other relevant point.

To be assessed as whole.

(a)

1. Over the last two decades, GDP of the country has been improved due to the manufacturing sector.
2. Helped in the modernization of agriculture.
3. Helped in the reduction of unemployment and poverty.
4. Helped in bridging down the regional disparity.
5. Helped in the expansion of trade and commerce.
6. Helped in raising foreign exchange.
7. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be described.

(b)

1. Minimising the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
2. Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
3. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases-
4. Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
5. Secondary treatment by biological process.
6. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes.
7. This involves recycling of wastewater.
8. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balances.
9. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be described.

(a)

• Manufacturing industries helps in modernizing agriculture.
• They also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
• Industrial development is also a pre-condition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.
• It also helps in bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward industries.
• Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
• Manufacturing contributes to the GDP and increase in per capita income.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be justified.

(b)

• The agro industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
• The depend on the latter for raw materials.
• They sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools to the farmers.
• Development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturalists in increasing their production but also made the production process very efficient.
• Both sectors have created job markets in agriculture, manufacturing and service sector.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(a)

• Industries help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy.
• They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
• Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.
• It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
• Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
• Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained

(b)

• Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
• Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke.
• Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants
• Burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
• Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained (2X1=2)

Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by-

• fitting smoke stacks to factories, with electrostatic precipitators
• fabric filters
• scrubbers and inertial separators.
• Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained (3X1=3)

(a)

• The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries and is considered the backbone of the economy.
• Helps to modernize agriculture
• Reduces dependency on agriculture
• Help to eradicate unemployment and poverty
• Reduces regional disparities by setting up industries in remote areas.
• Earns foreign exchange
• Brings overall prosperity
• Any other relevant point

Any FIVE points to be explained.

(b)

• Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages
• Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
• Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
  Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases
  • (a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
  • (b) Secondary treatment by biological process
  • (c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.
• Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally.
• Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
• Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.
• Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noises.
• Any other relevant point.

Any FIVE points to be explained.

(a)

• Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
• Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
• Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
  Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases-
  • (a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
  • (b) Secondary treatment by biological process.
  • (c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical, and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.
• Overdrawing of groundwater reserves by industry where there is a threat to groundwater resources also needs to be regulated legally.
• Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers, and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
• Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.
• Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones. The challenge of sustainable development requires integration of economic development with environmental concerns.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(b)

• Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
• Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country. This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India.
• It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in Tribal and Backward areas.
• Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
• Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

(a)

1. Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular.
2. Manufacturing industries help in the modernization of agriculture.
3. They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
4. Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.
5. Public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
6. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
7. India has increased and diversified its manufacturing industries quickly to be able to transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value.
8. The agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
9. Agricultural sector depends on the latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers.
10. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained

(b)

1. Minimizing water usage.
2. Reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
3. Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
4. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
5. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases: (a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. (b) Secondary treatment by biological process. (c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.
6. Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally.
7. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained

(a) i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1

• Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal.
• It rules out trans-shipment losses.
• It also rules out delays.
• These are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas.
• Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be examined

5.1 Narrow Gauge

5.2 Broad Gauge (track length 1,17,560)

• National Highways link extreme parts of the country
• These are the primary road systems
• These are laid and maintained by the C.P.W.D.
• A number of major National Highways run in North-South and East-West directions
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be explained.

• The roads of strategic importance in the northern and north-eastern border areas.
• These roads have helped in the economic development of these areas
• These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be mentioned.

• It is not only used to transport water but also crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas.
• Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry
• It rules out Trans-shipment delays.
• Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal.
• Pipelines connect through Natural gas fields, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

(a)

• Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades.
• Foreign tourists’ arrivals in the country witnessed an increase of foreign exchange.
• Tourism also promotes national integration, provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
• It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.
• Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.
• Rajasthan, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of South India are important destinations of foreign tourists in India.
• There is vast potential of tourism development in the North-eastern States and the interior parts of Himalayas, but due to strategic reasons these have not been encouraged
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

(b)

• Movement of goods and services can be over three important domains of our Earth i.e. land, water and air. Based on these, transport can also be classified into land, water and air transport.
• Today the world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast-moving transport.
• Transport helps in the development of communication. Various means of communication help us in interacting with others in all the parts of the world. It has brought the world closer.
• Transport like railways help us in conducting various activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage, and transportation of goods over longer distances.
• Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil and natural gas to refineries and factories.
• Waterways provide the cheapest means of transport and are useful for international trade.
• Air transport provides the fastest and most comfortable mode of transport.
• Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

12.1

• The trade and transport expanded far and wide.
• Efficient and fast moving transport.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained

12.2

• India is well linked with rest of world.
• Helps in the development of assimilation of cultures.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained

12.3

• It is a source of information.
• It enables communication, trade and other forms of exchange.
• It plays an important role in economic growth.
• It offers social, economic, political and cultural advantages.
• It makes the world closer to each other.
• Any other relevant point

Any two points to be analysed

12.1

• Tourism promotes national integration.
• Helps in development of international understanding about our culture and heritage
• Helps in earning foreign exchange
• Provides employment to people.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained

12.2

• Taj Mahal in Agra.
• Udaipur Fort in Rajasthan
• Mahabalipuram in Tamil Nadu.
• Any other relevant point.

Any one example to be mentioned

12.3

• More foreign tourists will visit in India.
• Will help in increasing foreign exchange.
• Development of regions will be there.
• National and cultural integration will be there.
• Nature of the international trade will be transformed.
• Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained

(a)

• Movement of goods and services can be over three important domains of our Earth i.e. Land, Water, and Air. Based on these, transport can also be classified into water and air transport.
• Today, the world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast-moving transport.
• Transport helps us in interacting with others in all the parts of the world
• Transport like railways help us in conducting various activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage and transportation of goods over longer distances.
• Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil and natural gas to refineries and factories.
• Water provides the cheapest means of transport and is useful for international trade.
• Air transport provides the fastest, most comfortable mode of transport.
• Any other relevant point

Any five points to be explained.

(b)

• Construction cost of roads is much lower than of railway lines.
• Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography.
• Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas
• Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances
• It also provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower
• Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a link between railway station, air and sea ports.
• Any other relevant point

Any five points to be explained.

(A)

• Pipelines are being used for transporting crude oil.
• They help in transporting petroleum products.
• Natural gas also gets transported through pipeline.
• It is used for transporting crude oil and other petroleum products from fields to refineries.
• It can be transported to far away inland locations like Barauni, Mathura and Panipat.
• Pipelines have proved beneficial for gas-based fertiliser plants.
• Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
• Running cost of pipelines is minimal.
• They help in uninterrupted supply.
• Any other relevant point

Any five points to be explained.

(B)

• Northern Plains: Level land, high population density and rich agricultural resources have favoured development of railways in these plains.
• Peninsular region and the Himalayan region: It is a hilly terrain. The Himalayan mountainous regions are not favourable for the construction of railway line due to high relief sparse population. So it is very difficult to lay the railway line.
• Desert of Rajasthan: On the sandy plains of western Rajasthan it is very difficult, to lay railway lines which has hindered the development of railways.
• Swamps of Gujarat, forested tracts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand; these are also not suitable for the development of railways.
• The contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be crossed only through gaps or passes.
• The development of Konkan railway along the west coast has facilitated the movement of passengers and goods in this most important economic region of India.
• Railways play a major role in transporting goods from the sea port to the interior regions of India and vice versa.
• Certain regions like Himalayan region are not economically congenial for the development of railway.
• Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

See the attached map (marking scheme answer map).

(a) (I) Narora Nuclear Power Plant (Uttar Pradesh)  OR  (II) Bengaluru Software Technology Park (Karnataka)

(b) Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi)

See the attached map (marking scheme answer map).

I. (a) Ramagundam Thermal Plant (Telangana)  OR  (b) Pune Software Technology Park (Maharashtra)

II. Chennai (Meenambakkam) International Airport (Tamil Nadu)

See the attached map (marking scheme answer map).

(a) (I) Singrauli Thermal Plant (Uttar Pradesh)  OR  (II) Mumbai Software Technology Park (Maharashtra)

(b) Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) International Airport (West Bengal)

Note : 1 mark to be given in locating Singrauli in UP

See the attached map (marking scheme answer map): Tarapur Nuclear Power Plant (Maharashtra) / Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant (Tamil Nadu) and Hyderabad – Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Telangana) marked on the outline map.

See the attached map (marking scheme answer map).

(a) (I) Noida Software Technology Park (Uttar Pradesh)  OR  (II) Pune Software Technology Park (Maharashtra)

(b) Paradwip Major Sea Port (Odisha)

(18.1) Salem

(18.2) Assam

(18.3) Kandala

(18.4) Amritsar / Shri Guru Ramdass ji International Airport

Marked on the map (any three).

MS map: 18.1 Bhilai, 18.2 Noida, 18.3 Vishakhapatnam, 18.4 Chennai/Meenambakkam

19.1 Dam built on Mahanadi river – Hirakud dam

19.2 Nuclear power plant located in Uttar Pradesh – Narora

19.3 Software technology park located in Maharashtra – Pune / Mumbai

19.4 Major sea port located in Gujarat – Kandla

Please see attached map.

(18.1) Hirakud dam

(18.2) Noida

(18.3) Tuticorin / Chennai

(18.4) Silchar

If the examinee has attempted question 18.4, mark be awarded.

(18.1) Sardar Sarovar

(18.2) Amritsar / Chandigarh

(18.3) Bengaluru

(18.4) Paradwip

(i) Salal Dam

(ii) Tarapur

(iii) Chennai

(iv) Amritsar

(i) Bhakra Nangal Dam

(ii) Kakrapara

(iii) Noida

(iv) Mumbai / Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport

Locations (attempt any three; see MS map): (i) West Bengal (ii) Kakrapara (iii) Bokaro/Jamshedpur (iv) Amritsar

Locations (attempt any three; see MS map): (i) Silchar (Assam) (ii) Karnataka (iii) Naraura (iv) Paradwip

Locations (attempt any three; see MS map): (i) Kolkata (Calcutta) (ii) Bengaluru (iii) Tarapur (iv) Paradwip

(a) A major dam on the Chenab river – Salal

(b) Nuclear Power Plant located in Uttar Pradesh – Naraura

(c) A major Software Technology Park located in Karnataka – Benguluru

(d) A major Sea Port located in Odisha – Paradwip

For answers please see the attached map

(i) Leading state in production of rice – West Bengal

(ii) Coal mines located in Tamil Nadu – Neyveli

(iii) Major Sea Port located in Karnataka – New Mangalore

(iv) Oil field located in Maharashtra – Mumbai High/ Bassien

Please see the attached map.

(i) International Airport located in Punjab – Shri Guru Ramdas Ji International Airport/Raja Sansi (Amritsar)

(ii) Major Sea port located in Gujarat – Kandla Port (Deendayal Port)

(iii) Major oil field of India located in Arabian Sea – Mumbai High/ Bassein

(iv) Nuclear Power Plant located in Uttar Pradesh – Naraura

For answers, please see the attached map.

(i) Tehri – Dam

(ii) Kakrapara – Nuclear Power Plant

(iii) Mumbai – Software Technology Park

(iv) Sri Guru Ram Das Jee – International Airport

Please see attached map.

For Visually Impaired candidates (states): (i) Tehri Dam – Uttarakhand; (ii) Kakrapara Nuclear Power Plant – Gujarat; (iii) Mumbai Software Technology Park – Maharashtra; (iv) Sri Guru Ram Das Jee International Airport – Punjab

• Hirakud – Dam (Odisha)
• Mumbai – Software Technology Park (Maharashtra)
• Raja Sansi – International Airport (Punjab)
• Naraura – Nuclear Power Plant (Uttar Pradesh)

Please see the attached Map (any three).

• Salal – Dam (Jammu and Kashmir)
• Kalpakkam – Nuclear Power Plant (Tamil Nadu)
• Bengaluru – Software Technology Park (Karnataka)
• Mormugao – Major Sea Port (Goa)

See attached map (any three).

• Bhakra Nangal – Dam (Punjab/Himachal Pradesh)
• Noida – Software Technology Park (Uttar Pradesh)
• Tarapur – Nuclear Power Plant (Maharashtra)
• Haldia – Sea Port (MS visually-impaired list gives “Kolkata”; shown on the map near Kolkata, West Bengal)

Please see the attached Map (any three).

• Naharkatiya – Oil field (Assam)
• Talcher – Major Coal Mines (Odisha)
• Narora – Atomic Power Plant (Uttar Pradesh)
• Tuticorin – Major Sea Port (Tamil Nadu)

Please see the attached map (any three).

Locations as marked on the MS map (attempt any three): Bailadila (Chhattisgarh), Namrup (Assam), Kandla (Gujarat), Meenam Bakkam (Tamil Nadu).

Locations as marked on the MS map (attempt any three): Karnataka (leading coffee-producing state), Durg (Chhattisgarh), Kochi (Kerala), Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Hyderabad).

MS answer is given as a marked map (see figure): Hirakud Dam, Tarapur, Pune and Paradip located and labelled.

(See attached map.) Any three of :

1. Noida (UP)
2. Chhattisgarh (Bailadila)
3. Maharashtra (Tarapur)
4. Haldia

(See attached map.) Any three of : (a) Tehri, (b) Naraura, (c) Pune, (d) Haldia.

(See attached map.) Any three of : (i) Tehri Dam, (ii) Bokaro coal mines, (iii) Pune Software Technology Park, (iv) Tuticorin sea port.

(See attached map.) Any three of : (i) Delhi (Indira Gandhi International Airport), (ii) Kakrapara, (iii) Hyderabad, (iv) Kandla.

• Salal Dam - Jammu and Kashmir
• Ramagundam Thermal Power Plant - Telangana
• Gandhinagar Software Technology Park - Gujarat
• Tuticorin Sea Port - Tamil Nadu

See attached map (any three).